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Showing posts with label Spanish Civil War. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Spanish Civil War. Show all posts

Friday, 6 February 2026

The Ghosts of the Past

 

Spanish Republican prisoners

 I was listening to the Real Dictators podcast, specifically working through the episodes on Francisco Franco the Fascist dictator of Spain. I've gone through many books, articles and documentaries and feature films about the Spanish Civil War, but this one did cover some information that was new to me including an in-depth look at the collaboration between the British establishment and Franco and the other rebel Generals. 

Episode Four, revealed some information that genuinely caused me to hit the pause button and then rewind to listen with my complete attention. The segment documented the network of Concentration Camps Franco had built throughout Spain to break the will of the population. Victory on the battlefield does little to win hearts and minds, after all. It's a grim sequence of figures for deaths, slavery and executions. The part that shook me was the revelation that I had been to one of these Concentration Camps several times as youth. That it is because that camp is now the location of the Aqualand water park in Torremolinos. My family lived in Gibraltar so we got to know Andalusia quite well, Torremolinos was a regular holiday destination and the park was a welcome relief from the heat. My family have many anecdotes of misadventures there, the kind that's nostalgic and hilarious to us but boring to everyone else. 

 

One of the unearthed documents that prove the Camp existed.

But as you may suspect, there was no inkling that the site used to be a place of death and brutality. Which is not surprising if you're familiar with Spain, part of the aftermath of the transition from Francoismo to liberal democracy was that the state would leave sleeping dogs to lie. Spanish governemnts have not as a rule championed or officially endorsed Francoismo, and it has moved legislatively away from personalised dictatorship and toward liberal democracy and regional autonomy. Still, It very rarely gets involved in dealing directly with its past unless it has to. Official Francoist commemoration events take place annually in areas where the Franco cult remains strong, and it was not until 2019 that Franco's remains were removed from the Valley of the Fallen, a tomb dedicated to the war dead of the Civil War and while it contains bodies of Republican soldiers, it is dedicated using the Motto and other iconography of the dictatorship.

 

Before the removal of his body the site had become a place of pilgrimage for many Spanish and foreign far right groups.

 

So, the majority of the work of establishing the facts and the scale of the repression which may have included over 200,000 victims has been handled by the survivors and independent minded historians and journalists, who have done the lion's share of work uncovering the 700 and counting mass graves, and tracing the archipelago of state violence, its connections to the Spanish military and business world and of course the Catholic Church. The revelations that the Camp in Torremolinos did in fact exist was largely thanks to the work of the historian Carlos Blancos. 

 Until now. Local historian Carlos Blanco has found official documents that show the existence of the facility; these include a quartermaster's report, an administrative journal and an invoice. A budget from the Ministry of National Defence reveals that the Seville Treasury covered the expenses of this terrible service, with a daily cost of 1.65 pesetas per prisoner.

The documentation discovered by Blanco leaves no room for euphemisms despite years of attempts by the council to play down the facility. Former mayor Pedro Fernández Montes (PP) denied that there had ever been a concentration camp in Torremolinos - only a detention centre, which is not the same - and called the claim cliché during a council meeting in 2015. 

More details in this article 

This is rather typical of parts of Spain where the remembrance of the dead are especially inconvenient, the result is greatly uneven remembrance. There are parts of the country, especially in regions with their own language and identity, where the work of documentation, mourning and remembrance are quite extensive. In other parts where the Francoists were more popular, the work is far less prominent. Currently, Spain is in a weird state of flux were the atrocities of Franco are not denied outright, the former Mayor* for example did concede something happened in Torremolinos, but defenders of the dead regime will downplay and minimise and do their best to ignore the bad things, while loudly shouting about the supposed benefits of decades of brutal dictatorship**. 

I think overall the tide is shifting in the right direction, more evidence throughout the country is being unearthed, and it's harder and harder for the Spanish right to play dumb. While it took far too long, removing Franco's bones from a national monument where he took centre stage was also a positive symbolic step. Unfortunately this path is not guaranteed the Spanish right is still large and in the form of the right wing of the PP and the Vox party is much more open to embracing the Francoist past which was considered taboo in polite circles. If that movement succeeds in gaining momentum and coming to power, who knows what the future brings. 

 There is also another danger these malignant splinters of Francosimo pose to the international community. I have encountered both online and in the wild people who know nothing of Spain but have met a Spaniard who is a Francoist and bought wholesale the nonsense they spout. It's frustrating dealing with these gullible fools. So far it's relatively easy to put them on the back foot with simple references to the frequent execution by garroting, the time Basque nationalist sent Franco's Prime Minister into space, But a lie repeated often enough while not becoming the truth is believed to be by a greater number of people each time. The Spanish historians, journalists, survivors and family of survivors are doing fantastic work in dragging the secrets of the Spanish far right into the sunlight, I wish to support their efforts. 

 

Poster for the 1979 drama Operacion Ogro which covered the 1973 assassination.

*If you're curious, PP stands for the Partido Popular (People's Party) a Conservative party and the largest political party in Spain in 2026. 

** An example of this odd tension was the 2016 Cassandra case. 18-year-old Cassandra Vera Paz posted a series of tweets poking fun at the 1973 assassination of Prime Minister Blanco via car bomb, this is the event that's been commemorated as "Spain's first astronaut" in memes. Paz was found guilty of the crime of insulting the victims of terrorism, and sentenced to a year in prison. Eventually, Spain's Supreme Court overruled the sentence for a number of reason's including the fact that many people around the world have been making jokes about that assassination for decades.

Thursday, 19 May 2022

Spain in Revolt!

 

Spain in Revolt is a strange film. Its essentially an anti-franco film made during the Spanish Civil War. It has an English voice over, its incomplete, I've managed to find two of its (presumably) 3 reels intact and have combined them. Making what as far as I know is the most substantial collection of footage within it. The film's first reel is still missing, which is frustrating as in those days most films frontloaded their credits and production information, many of the question surrounding the film could be answered if just a part of that first reel were found.

I assume it was filmed in 1938 as the voice over has a present tense tone and speaks as if the events were happening as he was talking, and the footage I can identify comes from that year at the latest. The footage is a mix of scenes from the war, the Francoists are referred to as the rebels which probably confused some modern viewers, but the nationalist and fascist coalition was born out of an army mutiny in 1936, so loyalist Spain were the forces of the Republic which depending on who is doing the telling may or may not include the more radical elements like the Anarchist CNT/FAI militias, and the rebels were the Carlists, Falange party and Aristocratic officer corps.

Parts of the film are battle footage set to music, mostly classical and at times weirdly cheery. It includes some rare footage of fighting in Burgos which must've come from the first days of the war as it quickly fell to Franco who made that city his base of operations, and the aftermath of bombardments. It ends very confusingly on footage of the Pope and an appeal for peace. So I can speculate that whoever made this film was either an American liberal catholic whose sympathies were with the Spanish Republic, or were secular and didn't know anything about Catholicism but thought the Pope was a good stand in for peace and good will. I'm leaning in this direction because Catholicism in Spain and in the Vatican openly supported Franco, they supported him morally, economically and through the Carlist militia and over bands militarily. So, either this is a liberal Catholic trying to overcome the tension within themselves or it was made by someone who knew nothing about the politics of the Holy See. 


Wednesday, 1 December 2021

Notes on the life of Eduardo Vivancos 1920-2020; Almost a century in the Libertarian and Esperanto movements

A version of this article first appeared in Liberte Ouviere un Journal Anarcho-syndicaliste


 

Notes on the life of Eduardo Vivancos

1920-2020

Almost a century in the Libertarian and Esperanto movements

Reddebrek

2021

 

“Paroli Esperanton estis iam esenca parto de anarkiismo.”

(There was a time when speaking Esperanto was an essential part of being an anarchist.)

On the 30th of December 2020 Eduardo Vivancos passed away at the age of 100. He leaves behind a family and nearly a century of dedication to a number of causes, from athletics, Anarchosyndicalism, and minority languages, especially Catalan and Esperanto. I think his life is worth remembering, and while in the Spanish speaking world his death was marked with numerous tributes and retrospectives, including a feature in Corredor a popular magazine dedicated to running, and a lot of friends mourned him in Esperanto texts, he is largely unknown in English. A short blog post I wrote to mark his passing is the first hit when his name is searched in English, though there was also an article in Fifth Estate #400 written in 2018 by his fellow Esperantist Xavier Alcade that serves as a short introduction. Personally speaking, Vivancos’s writing was some of the first I read in Esperanto that I could mostly understand that wasn’t written as a teaching tool, though Vivancos did dabble in that as well. I suppose I should credit Vivancos with pushing me from viewing the language as a hobby into something to be taken seriously.

The son of Domingo Vivancos, Eduardo Vivancos was born into a working-class family in Barcelona on the 19th of September 1920. In 1934, shortly before his fourteenth birthday, Vivancos left elementary school and became an apprentice. In September of that year Vivancos had also enrolled in a worker’s school (Escuela del Trabajo) which held classes in the evenings. While at the school he mixed with a group of young workers who were members of the Iberian Federation of Libertarian Youth (FIJL) an organisation that he would join along with becoming a member of the Student Federation of Free Thinkers (Federacion Estudiantil de Concienecias Libres).

A year later Vivancos would join the Confederacion Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), he would remain a member of the CNT for the rest of his life. In 1936 Vivancos looked forward to the People’s Olympiad that was being prepared in Barcelona as an alternative to the official Olympics that were being hosted in Berlin. The first piece of writing I read by Vivancos were his recollections of those days when he would go to the training grounds and practice and mingle with hundreds of foreigners from dozens of nations. The enthusiasm of the time made a big impact on him, unfortunately there preparations for the games coincided with the beginning of the bloody civil war and the appearance of Franco as a political leader. The games were not only called off at the last minute by news of the revolt of the Spanish army, but the preparations for the games had also been targetted by a campaign of fascist sabotage and intimidation.

During the Spanish Revolution and Civil War Vivancos initially focused on his studies, enrolling in the Ateneo Enciclopedico Popular, where among other subjects he was taught Esperanto. He would remain an active Esperantist for the rest of his life, often combining it with his activism with the Libertarian movement. In 1937 the Spanish Republic created a number of Worker’s Institutes (Institutos Obreros) a high school system for workers, Vivancos passed the entrance exams in December 1937 and enrolled. However the war situation continue to get worse for the Republic and so in 1938 Vivancos and some fellow class mates from the institute volunteered to serve in a battalion of the 26th division of the Durruti Column and served at the Montsec front and saw combat at the battle of Lleida, and participated in other operations.

Whilst serving in the 26th division Vivancos was part of a small teaching and correspondence circle of Esperantists which included Gines Martinez the battalion commander. At the time most of the Spanish left and Libertarian movements had embraced Esperanto and were publishing Esperanto newspapers. From the Communist Party of Spain, to the Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM) the CNT and other Anarchist groups, and even the General Government of Catalunya, all were actively using the language to broadcast news to the outside world and establish contacts with sympathetic foreigners. In response to this the Esperanto movement was singled out for bloody persecution within Fascist zones. An example of this repression was the fate of the Esperanto club in Cordoba, the Fascist Falange party organised a firing squad and murdered its entire membership.

Unfortunately as we’re all aware, the war continued to go badly and the revolution continued to retreat, by February 1939 Vivancos along with thousands of other committed anti-fascists had to escape Spain to France. Vivancos did this on foot, crossing the Pyrenees in winter. While in France the Vivancos family were separated and sent to concentration camps that had been built by the French government to house Spanish refugees. He was moved from one camp to another over several years, at one point in 1940 he was billeted in the same barracks as the famous Catalan author and poet Jaume Grau Casas, the author of Catalan Anthology and many other works. The two communicated almost exclusively in Esperanto, if anything the incarceration and constant transferring seem to have boost Eduardo Vivancos’s studies and teaching of the language.

The Vivancos family were not reunited until after the Second World War in 1947, by that time Eduardo had met and fallen in love with fellow Spanish exile Ramona Comella, the two married in Paris on the 5th of December 1945, they had two children, Floreal (1947) and Talia (1948). While in Paris Eduardo Vivancos joined the World Anational Association the Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda or SAT, and organisation of left-wing Esperantists of many tendencies from around the world.

Also in the aftermath of WWII the Spanish Libertarian movement began to reorganise itself and planned out strategies to resist the entrenched Franco dictatorship. As part of this process, the FIJL had decided to build an international federation for Anarchist youth. As part of this project Vivancos was made a delegate of the Spanish section. Unfortunately, this plan did not progress much further due to the global weakness of the Anarchist movement at that time. A more substantial attempt at international networking was the founding of two Esperanto language newspapers the Nigra Flago (Black Flag) and Senŝtatano (Without a State), Vivancos was a contributor to both and editor of Senŝtatano. This activity would bear some fruit, the correspondance service of Senŝtatano sucessfully exploited a relaxation in hostility to Esperanto by the Spanish government to send letters to Spain, this reconnected many exiles with family and friends still living under Franco. And the contact with foreign Libertarian minded Esperantists like the Chinese anarchist Lu Chen Bo and the Japanese anarchist Taiji Yamaga led to increased co-operation in many ways. In 1963 Eduardo Vivancos and Taiji Yamaga worked together to produce a Spanish translation of the famous Chinese philosoper Laozi’s Dao de Qing, it was titled “Libro del Camino y de la Virtud”, Book of the way and Virtue in English.

In 1954 Vivancos emigrated to Toronto Canada and would remain a resident until his death in 2020. He maintained his commitment to his two life causes Esperanto and Anarchism and his opposition to Franco while living in Canada. He joined the Asociacion Democratica Espanola Canadiense ADEC, a group for anti-francoist Spanish migrants and exiles living in Canada. As a member, he attended demonstrations and organised meetings. Eduardo Vivancos would return to Spain in 1976 after a 37-year exile, when the Francoist regime crumbled and a stilted democratic transition was taking shape. He would make many visit to Spain and the Catalunya region throughout the remainder of his life. In 1986 he gave a lecture to the 59th Congress of SAT in San Cuget on the 5oth anniversary of the Spanish Civil War, the lecture drew heavily from his recollections of the atmosphere and conditions on the streets of Barcelona and the Spain in 1936.

At the end of his life Eduardo Vivancos received many honours from SAT and the wider Esperanto community, and with nearly a hundred years of dedicated activity including on the front-lines on a mountain range it’s not hard to see why. But I also find his writing and the way he was able to use Esperanto to support the goals of international solidarity and libertarian resistance very inspiring too. I said at the start that Eduardo Vivancos is little known in the Anglosphere, I hope to correct this. In addition to writing up this short memorial, I am also translating his Esperanto texts in English and working on an English language wikipedia article to complement the already existing versions in Spanish, Catalan and Esperanto. By doing this, I hope others will learn of him and an be inspired.




Friday, 19 November 2021

1937: Juan García Oliver Speech About Durruti and the time of Pistoleros and action groups

 

 


I found this speech given at some point in 1937 by Juan Garcia Oliver while looking for public domain footage of the Spanish Civil War and the years that preceded it. Oliver had joined the CNT Anarcho-syndicalist union in 1919 and in the early 1920s took an active part in the illegal action groups. The groups carried out reprisals for the murder of Anarchists and union members and with the group Los Solidarios Oliver took part in some high profile assassinations. In the 1930s Oliver took part in several abortive insurrections in Catalunya and was in prison until an amnesty in 1936. 

During the civil war he oscillated wildly between posts and ideological positions, initially supporting the full implementation of Libertarian Communism and joining a column at the front in Aragon, before being called back to be a CNT representative and later joining the Caballero republican government. During the Mayday's clashes between the Republic and the more revolutionary elements, he urged a ceasefire and unity with the government. In his tenure as Minister of Justice, he was associated with abolishing court fees and destroying court records, but also had a role in the establishment of work camps and prisons.

 


 

Link  

 

Text of the speech.

 
Our anarchist group was founded in the year 1923.

In circumstances that were very bad for our movement, very sad for the whole working class,
The pistoleros of the "Sindicato Libre*", sponsored by the bourgeoisie, were almost owners of the city.
The police hordes contributed to the destruction of our organizations and our men.
Salvador Seguí, the titan of anarcho-syndicalism, had fallen.
Old militants, the first men of our so splendid movement today, had fallen.
When we thought that the moment of being completely defeated was probably coming,
We united, in that moment,  we who I have no shame in saying, we who I have pride in confessing:
The kings of the working-class, pistol of Barcelona!
We lived and acted disunited.

But we made a selection!
The best terrorists of the working class
The ones who could best return punch by punch and deliver the final victory to the proletariat
We split from the other comrades, we united, and we formed an anarchist group.
A group of action, to fight!
Against the pistoleros, against the bourgeoisie, and against the government!
We achieved our goal: we won!
Our punches were harder, more towards the head, than theirs.
And the group was formed, and it was an oath of those who joined it, that, from that moment on, our group "Los Solidarios" we'd continue the struggle, until the total triumph of the working class, until the triumph of the social revolution and that only death could separate us.
The first to fall was comrade Eusebio, in Asturias.
Comrade Torin also fell, in Barcelona.
The comrades Suberviela and Torres Escartín suffered in prison.
And when we, after the Republic was established, came out of the prisons, and united once again in Spain, we continued the group, and then, we renamed to, "Nosotros".

We (Nosotros), who have no name!
We, who have no pride!
We, who are a mass!
We, who will go one by one!
We (Nosotros)!
We have a debt.
Durruti paid it.
For the revolution and in honor to his commitment.
We who are, like Durruti, to show Europe we stopped at the last compromise.
Time has been proving it:
It is not a test of a day nor a year.
It is a test of (???).
It was paid.
It was accomplished.
Durruti did his duty,
and we, who are still here, will also do it.
Death is nothing!
Our individual lives are NOTHING!
That's why we are "Nosotros".
And while one of us is left, "Nosotros" lives on.
That's all.

* A labour union set up by the industrialists of Barcelona in an attempt to break the much more militant CNT Union. Its leadership was complicit in the Pistoleros campaigns, informing on CNT members.

UPDATE:

Found a youtube channel affiliated with the CGT union in Valencia which has the full recording of the film online. 

It also has more information,


Documental realizado por la CNT en homenaje a Durruti en el primer aniversario de su muerte y dedicado a su viuda Emiliana Morín y a su hija Colette Durruti.  Comienza con unas imágenes del cementerio de Montjuich tras lo que se pasa a un acto de homenaje anarquista en el cine Tívoli de Barcelona. Vemos la intervención de cuatro dirigentes anarquistas, entre ellos a Juan García Oliver, que hace un discurso sobre la importancia de Durruti y la CNT en la lucha revolucionaria.  De nuevo en el cementerio, un antiguo miembro de la Columna Durruti, transformada en la 26 División, se dirige a la multitud prometiendo seguir la lucha por las ideas del líder caído. García Oliver da un inflamado discurso en el que recuerda a Durruti y al grupo de acción anarquista "Los Solidarios", la muerte de Salvador Seguí al que aplicaron la "Ley de fugas", y la lucha que mantuvieron contra los pistoleros del Sindicato Libre. Este discurso está intercalado con imágenes de ficción entre las que destaca una recreación de la aplicación de la "Ley de fugas".

Translation

 

 Documentary made by the CNT in homage to Durruti on the first anniversary of his death and dedicated to his widow Emiliana Morín and his daughter Colette Durruti.  It begins with some images of the Montjuich cemetery after which an anarchist tribute act is held at the Tívoli cinema in Barcelona. We see the intervention of four anarchist leaders, among them Juan García Oliver, who makes a speech about the importance of Durruti and the CNT in the revolutionary struggle.  Back in the cemetery, a former member of the Durruti Column, transformed into the 26th Division, addresses the crowd promising to continue the fight for the fallen leader's ideas. García Oliver gives an inflamed speech in which he remembers Durruti and the anarchist action group "Los Solidarios", the death of Salvador Seguí to whom the "Law of Fugitives*" was applied, and the fight they waged against the gunmen of the Free Trade Union. This speech is interspersed with fictional images, among which a recreation of the application of the "Law of Fugitives" stands out.


* The Ley de fugas or Law of fugitives was a law that authorised the shooting of prisoners attempting to escape. It was widely used by the police to execute prisoners out of hand.


Thursday, 8 April 2021

No More Compromise - Pierre Besnard

 No More Compromise 

by Pierre Besnard 



Note: Pierre Besnard (8 October 1886 – 19 February 1947) was a French revolutionary syndicalist. He was the Secretary of the Confédération Générale du Travail-Syndicaliste Révolutionnaire (CGT-SR) from 1929, and the Secretary of the International Workers' Association (IWA). 

During the Spanish Civil War Besnard was a vocal critic of the increasing collaboration of the CNT's national committee with the Spanish Republic and the resulting reversals of revolutionary gains. The CNT's national committee in response mounted a campaign to replace him in the IWA and also launched a sort of rival organisation the Solidaridad Internacional Antifascista (SIA) to handle solidarity and support from abroad.

An article by former IWA secretariat Pierre Besnard about avoiding the mistakes of the CNT during the Spanish Civil War.

Originally appeared in The Vanguard (May 1939)
Provided by the Workers Solidarity Alliance archives in New York

No More Compromise

The following article by Comrade Pierre Besnard, a former secretary of the I.W.M.A. to which the CNT is affiliated, opens up a discussion on the lessons of the Spanish tragedy which we will continue in the Vanguard. While we agree with Comrade Besnard that the fundamental tenets of Anarchosyndicalism were not so strictly adhered to by our revolutionary Spanish comrades, and that these tenets still occupy first place guiding our relations with the capitalist world we find it incumbent upon us to point out that the actions of our comrades in Spain cannot be judged apart from the international situation to which the civil war gave rise. We reaffirm our conviction that collaboration with the bourgeoisie should be shunned, but we must again insist that tribute should be paid to the CNT for the heroic struggle it was capable of maintaining. Our comrades understood their responsibilities and, not being dogmatists, were able to conduct their work as an integral part of the Spanish struggle against the formidable intervention of the fascist powers.

The struggle that is at an end in Spain shows beyond the shadow of a doubt that all collaboration and compromise with the bourgeoise must henceforth be banished from our midst. Between us, one thing exists: The Class Struggle. It is within the power of no one to conceal this fact and only the elimination of classes and the institutions of economic and social equality will result in the disappearance of this struggle. On every occasion that we do not recognise this basic truth, we shall inevitably be defeated in the ensuing struggle.

Each time it finds itself in difficulties, the bourgeoise accepts and even demands collaboration with the proletariat. But when the crisis is over, it resumes its freedom to do as it pleases and, naturally, turns its weapons in full upon the working class. This pattern of events has been followed in all periods of history, not just in revolutionary ones. But, however disastrous might be its practical consequences in the ordinary day to day struggle, it takes on catastrophic proportions when it concerns such elemental societal conflicts as was the case in Spain.

Let bourgeoisie be “left” or use ultra-leftist phrases, invariably they are for a line of action contrary to the interests of the people. Even if they wished to be otherwise, it cannot be so for their interests are forever fundamentally opposed to that of the workers. Let them rally enthusiastically and even aid the revolution in periods when they cannot help doing otherwise, it is only to have their past actions forgotten or overlooked. And when the leading figures and politicians of the dying regime proclaim themselves openly for the new order and support the most radical groups, as they did in Spain, one can be sure that it is only to bore from within and to secure positions of prestige which will permit them in time to strangle the revolution which in a moment of weakness called for and made use of their cooperation.

Too feeble at the outset to speak as masters, they will begin by silently worming themselves into the revolutionary councils where gradually they gain a certain authority and undermine that of true revolutionaries. With an air of innocence they push the sincere into stupid blunders, and one fine day, they show their true colours. When the role these men played will finally be understood, it will be already too late to repair the damage inflicted in the name of some “technical advantage” or other worthless pretext.

The desire to defeat the politicians in the field of politics is the greatest mistake that revolutionaries can commit. The desire to overthrow the bourgeoisie in collaboration with certain of its elements is no less dangerous. These two things are to be avoided at all costs. Nothing must be allowed to effect a reconciliation with our enemies. Not even the most imminent peril! A sudden and certain betrayal is in store for us if we disregard this historic truth, if we place even the slightest faith in those who are destined to be our enemies. Whatever mistakes we make in the course of the revolution, none can be so serious as those which involve us with the opposing class, even if they assume a democratic guise.

The bourgeoisie, since its birth in 1789, has never deviated from its course of deceiving the people and stripping every social upheaval of its accomplishments. So, it was in 1830, 1848 and 1871. The results were identical. The Spanish Revolution of April 14, 1934 followed in the footsteps of its predecessors and the seal has just been placed on the revolution of July 19th. These facts should prevent anyone from still maintaining that collaboration with the bourgeoisie and its politicians is able in some way to insure the success of the revolution. Cold doctrinaires such as we can derive no advantage from the unhappy conclusion of the struggle, but we have the right, in spite of having ardently wished for another end, to say that we had foreseen it. Beyond some relative merit, much in Spain followed the general line of social history. Our one desire is not to see these errors repeated and we will do all in our power toward that end.

Improvements that can possibly be made in society at the expense of solidly entrenched interests are indeed puny. They will merely affect some derail but leave intact the foundations. So it will be as long as we have the class struggle. This fundamental fact has convinced us of a doctrine which experience has tested and which no one can therefore dare modify, presumptive as he might be. Those who for one reason or another have transgressed, have been convinced much to their regret of the law’s inflexibility.

Let us then remain on our own ground where we are strong. I believe that I have sufficiently covered this in my books[1] where I have treated the ideology, the plan of realisation and the morality of our movement on both national and international scale. We have here and in other works by militants since Bakunin, Kropotkin, Rocker and numerous others, all that is necessary to accomplish our task without having recourse to the advice of the bourgeoisie.

Let us then study our literature, take heed of our international congresses and shun false departures from a doctrine which is and must become the practice of tomorrow. We will thus be on the right road. All other roads are misleading which will either get us nowhere or lead us to defeat.

Let us stress the idea that even under the most favourable circumstances all compromise only guarantees us the perpetuation of the authoritarian state and the triumph of our enemies, the politicians, whose program carries but two articles: One, to take power, and Two, to keep this power by all means even the worst. If we sincerely wish to liberate our class and all of humanity we must work towards our goal: for federalism and liberty, and not for centralised power and dictatorship.

Let us go in this direction and in no other, without compromise of any kind. We have the means. Let us have the will!

 

 



[1] “Les Syndicates Ouvries et La Revolution Sociale”
“Le Monde Nouveau”
“L’Ethique du Syndicalism”

Sunday, 14 March 2021

IPE kaj la Persona Vivo de la Brigadistoj - IPE and the personal lives of the International Brigades




IPE KAJ LA PERSONA VIVO DE LA BRIGADISTOJ


Februare de 1937, Berl Kurtz (1907-1942), rumano loĝanta en Parizo, decidis veturi Hispanien por aliĝi al la internaciaj brigadoj, kiuj tie luktis flanke de la hispanaj respublikanoj kontraŭ la internacia faŝismo. Tion li sentis sia devo kiel revoluciulo kaj kiel komunisto, eble eĉ kiel esperantisto. Kvankam etkomercisto, li ne havis tempon likvidi sian varan havaĵon, ĉar Francio anoncis, ke ĝi tuj fermos la landlimon. Verŝajne plej grave, li forlasis la hejmon sen sciigi la kialon al sia edzino, kiu kredeble ne estus aprobinta la decidon de Kurtz.

Li estis unu el la 35.000 idealistoj, kiuj volontulis por partopreni la hispanan militon. Temas pri homoj el 50 malsamaj nacioj, multaj el ili ligataj al komunistaj partioj. Plej multnombre estis francoj, kaj granda parto el ili venis el Parizo. Krom kelkaj veteranoj de la unua mondmilito, ĝenerale ili havis neniun militan sperton. Tial en la batalfronto mortis almenaŭ 15.000 el ili, procentaĵo pli alta ol la averaĝa en la respublikana flanko. El tiu perspektivo, Kurtz estis bonŝanculo ĉar li transvivis la militon.

Post tri monatoj en Hispanio, Kurtz petis dusemajnan permeson por ĉeesti la trian kongreson de Internacio de Proleta Esperantistaro (IPE), okazontan en Parizo de la 7-a ĝis la 12-a de aŭgusto 1937. Li ricevis la permeson kaj fine de julio revenis hejmen. Tie li trovis sian edzinon malsana, ŝi petis lin ne retroveturi Hispanien. Jen granda dilemo por li. Ĉu pli gravas esti bona homo kaj zorgi pri sia bezonanta kunulino aŭ ĉu li devas ligi sin al la revolucio kaj al la komunista partio? Iel ajn, li tuj komunikis la hejman situacion al la burokratoj de la partio.

Kurtz ankaŭ klarigis la aferon en la kongresejo al gekamaradoj Boubou. Marcel Boubou (1892-1942) estis franca instruisto, aktiva unue en SAT (ekde 1921), kie li gvidis la pedagogian sekcion, kaj francskale en Fédération Espérantiste Ouvrière. Li ankaŭ agadis kiel esperantisto kadre de la Freinet-movado. En 1931 Boubou forlasis SAT-on okaze de la komunista skismo por agadi en IPE. Tie li kunlaboris kun Kurtz pri rilatoj kun SAT (Lins 1988, p. 305, n. 3 mencias lin tiurilate same kiel A. Berlo). Pro sia partopreno en la kontraŭnazia rezistado Boubou estis arestota kaj sendota al la koncentrejo de Auschwitz, kie li pereis.

Al Boubou Kurtz informis, ke li ne ĉeestos la tutan kongreson, ĉar li volas pasigi kelkajn tagojn kun sia edzino por ripozi. En la IPE-kongreso li ankaŭ kolektis cigaredojn, sapon kaj aliajn necesaĵojn por siaj kamaradoj ĉe la batalfronto. Laŭ sia plano li profitus la trankvilajn momentojn kun sia edzino por konvinki ŝin pri la neceso retroveturi Hispanien. Ŝajne, ŝi ne ŝanĝis sian opinion kaj Kurtz restis en Parizo.

Tri semajnojn poste, la respondeculino de la rumanlingva grupo ĉe la komunista partio en Parizo avertis lin, ke se li ne revenos Hispanien tuj li estos konsiderata dizertulo. Intertempe la sanstato de la edzino malpliboniĝis. Okazis al ŝi akcidento, ŝia piedo estis vundita per aŭtomobilo. En tia situacio kaj sen aliaj familianoj en Parizo, Kurtz decidis ne reveturi al Hispanio kaj zorgi anstataŭe pri sia malsana edzino. Li komunikis tion al la regiona komitato de la partio, kiu montriĝis pli komprenema ol la rumana kamaradino kaj trankviligis lin.

Dum la sekvantaj monatoj okazis aliaj kunvenoj pri la afero. Interalie en oktobro Kurtz informis persone Marcel Boubou pri sia retiriĝo el la internaciaj brigadoj. Tamen la komunikado kun la gvidantoj de IPE ne funkciis flue. Sekve Gladys Keable, sekretariino de IPE-centro, aperigis notojn kontraŭ Kurtz en Informilo de IPE kaj en Sur Posteno (menciante, ke li “kunportis sapon kaj cigaredojn”) kaj sendis malfavorajn leterojn al la komandanto de lia bataliono, al iu kamarado Hans Martens, kaj fine al Kurtz mem. Tiun lastan en januaro 1938.

Ricevinte la riproĉoplenan leteron de Keable, Kurtz tuj respondis al ŝi, klarigante la aferon paŝon post paŝo. Temas pri kvarpaĝa letero, el kiuj tri paĝoj konserviĝas en la moskva arkivo pri la internaciaj brigadoj. Tie konserviĝas ankaŭ la letero en la franca sendita en aŭgusto 1937 de Kurtz al majoro de la internaciaj brigadoj en la ĉefstabejo de Albacete, Hispanio. Por ĝin verki, Kurtz uzis paperon de Proleta Esperanto Korespondanto, PEK. En tiu letero Kurtz petas portempan liberigon el sia milita devo ĉar kvankam ĝisosta revoluciulo kaj kontraŭfaŝisto li tamen estas homo, kiu devas prizorgi sian vivkunulinon. Sed li ankaŭ deklaras sin preta reveni Hispanien se lia peto ne estos akceptita.

Ambaŭ leterojn (fakte, kopiojn de la originaloj) Kurtz sendis al la majoro pri la kadroservo de la internaciaj brigadoj la 21-an januaro 1938. Lia eksplicita celo estis regajni honoron kiel eksa batalanto por libero, pridubata pro la malfavora letero sendita de Keable. Kurtz subskribis kiel eksa sekretario kaj politika delegito de la internaciaj brigadoj kaj agnoskis kiel ĉefoficiro iu Roman, respondeculo pri la balkana sekcio de la kadroservo.

La spuroj pri Berl Kurtz malaperas ĉi-tie. La nomo ne aperas en la datumbazoj SIDBRINT nek CIDOBI pri membroj de la internaciaj brigadoj. Tamen ĝi reaperas en la datumbazo pri judoj deportitaj el Francio dum la dua mondmilito. Berl Aaron Kurtz, naskiĝinta la 6-an de januaro 1907 en Banila, Rumanio, estis deportita la 25-an de septembro 1942 al Auschwitz. Tie li estis mortigita la 30-an de septembro. Kvankam Kurtz ne mencias sian judecon en siaj leteroj, eble ankaŭ pro tio li decidis aliĝi al la internaciaj brigadoj en la hispana milito.

Tiu teksto celas montri la malfacilaĵojn akordigi la familian vivon kun la revoluciula, ĉefe dummilite. En ĝi interesas ankaŭ la indico, ke IPE estis iamaniere rekonata de la (franca) Kompartio kaj de la hispanaj aŭtoritatoj kiel valida interparolanto. Krome, la sendo de letero en Esperanto sen traduko (kaj sen ia lingva klarigo/pravigo prie) fare de Kurz al la ĉefstabejo povas indiki ian rolon de la lingvo en la kadro de la internaciaj brigadoj. Ni fine omaĝas al homo, kiu batalis por libero kaj mortis pro maltoleremo kaj kruelo.

Javier Alcalde

La aŭtoro dankas al Alan Warren (https://pdlhistoria.wordpress.com/), kiu helpis lin orientiĝi en la kolekto pri la internaciaj brigadoj de la moskvaj partiaj arkivoj, alirebla je http://sovdoc.rusarchives.ru/

Fontoj

RGASPI (rusa ŝtatarkivo por socipolitika historio), Moskvo, kolekto 545, inventaro 6, dosiero 1563, folioj 74 ĝis 79. 

Bibliografio

González, Isidro. Los judíos y la Segunda República. 1931-1939. Alianza Editorial. Madrid, 2004.

Lins, Ulrich. La danĝera lingvo. Progreso. Moskvo, 1988.

Requena Gallego, Manuel; Sepúlveda Losa, Rosa María (coord.), Brigadas Internacionales. El contexto internacional, los medios de propaganda, literatura y memorias. Nausicaä. Albacete, 2008.

Skoutelsky, Rémi, Novedad en el frente. Las Brigadas Internacionales en la guerra civil. Temas de hoy. Madrid, 2006.

Datumbazoj

SIDBRINT: Sistema de Información Digital sobre las Brigadas Internacionales. Universidad de Barcelona http://sidbrint.ub.edu/

CIDOBI: Centro de Estudios y Documentación de las Brigadas Internacionales de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha https://www.uclm.es/es/centros-investigacion/cedobi

Bildo

Fotokonstruaĵo de J. Haertfield (detalo) aperinta en Regard,  141, 24/09/1936.


El https://mondmilito.hypotheses.org/4082

IPE and the Personal lives of the International Brigades


In February 1937 Berl Kurtz (1907-1942) a Romanian living in Paris decided to travel to Spain to join the International Brigades. which fought on the side of the Spanish Republic and against international Fascism. That was he felt, his duty as a revolutionary and a communist and possible even as an Esperantist as well. But as a retailer he could not wait to sell off his stock, because France had just announced that it would soon close the border. More importantly, he left home without telling his wife, as she probably would not support his decision.

He was one of 35,000 idealists who volunteered to take part in the Spanish war. People from over 50 different nations, many of them linked to the communist parties.  The largest number of them were French and the majority of them came from Paris. Except for some veterans of the First World War, generally they had no military experience. For this reason more than 15,000 of them died at the battlefront, a higher percentage than was average for the Republican side. From this perspective Kurtz was lucky as he lived through the war.

After three months in Spain Kurtz requested two weeks off to visit the third Congress of the International of Proletarian Esperantists (IPE), which was held in Paris on the 7th until the 12th of August 1937. He received permission and finally returned home at the end of July. There he found his wife sick, she asked him not to return to Spain. This was a great dilemma for him. Is it more important to be a good person and care for his vulnerable wife, or where his commitment to the revolution and the communist party more important? Somehow he was able to communicate his situation at home to the bureaucrats of the party. 

 He also explained his problems at the congress to comrade Boubou. Marcel Boubou (1892-1942) was a French teacher who was first active in SAT (starting in 1921), where he lead the pedagogical section, and was also active in the French Fédération Espérantiste Ouvrière (Workers Esperanto Association). He also acted as an Esperanto cadre in the Freinet modern schools movement. In 1931 Boubou left SAT during the communist schism and joined its rival IPE. There he collaborated with Kurtz on relations with SAT. (Lins 1988, p.305, n .3 mentions him in this regard as well A.Berlo). Because of his involvement in the anti-nazi resistance he was arrested and sent to the concentration camp in Auschwitz where he perished.

To Boubou Kurtz explained that he could not attend the full congress, as he wanted to spend some days with his wife and rest. While at the congress Kurtz collected cigarettes, soap and other necessaries for his comrades at the front. His plan was to make the most of those quiet moments so he could  convince his wife of the importance of returning to Spain. It seems she did not change her opinion and he remained in Paris.

Three weeks later the contact woman for the Romanian language section of the communist party in Paris informed him that if he did not immediately return to Spain he would be considered a deserter. In the mean time the health of his wife worsened. She had had an accident, her foot was wounded by an automobile. In that kind of situation and without any other family members he decided not to return to Spain and instead would stay to care for his wife. He spoke with the regional committee of the party who showed itself more understanding than the Romanian comrade and comforted him.

Other meetings on the matter took place in the following months. Among other things, in October Kurtz personally informed Marcel Boubou of his withdrawal from the international brigades. However the communication with the leaders of IPE did not work smoothly. Accordingly, Gladys Keable, secretary of the IPE Centre, published notes against Kurtz in the IPE Newsletter and in Sur Posteno (mentioning that he had "brought soap and cigarettes") and sent unfavourable letters to his battalion commander, Comrade Hans Martens. , and finally to Kurtz himself. The latter in January 1938.

After receiving the reproachful letter from Keable Kurtz quickly responded to her, explaining the matter step by step. In total it was a letter about four pages long, of which three have been preserved in the Moscow archive on the International Brigades. There is also a letter in French sent in August 1937 by Kurtz to a commander of the International Brigades at the headquarters in Albacete, Spain. To write it Kurtz used paper from the Proletarian Esperanto Correspondence, PEK. In that letter Kurtz requests time free from his military duty, because although he remains a revolutionary and anti-fascist he was still a human and had to take care of his life partner. But he also stated that he was prepared to return to Spain if his request was not accepted.

Both letters (or copies of those letters to be precise) were given to the Major in the cadre service of the International Brigades on the 21st of January 1938. His explicit goal was to reclaim his honour as a foreign fighter for freedom, undoubtedly provoked by the unfavourable letter of Keable.  Kurtz signed as a former secretary and political delegate of the international brigades and recognized as chief officer a certain Roman, in charge of the Balkan section of the cadre service.

The traces of Kurtz disappear here. The name does not appear in the databases of SIDBINT nor CIDOBI about the members of the International Brigades. However it reappears in the database of Jews deported from France during the Second World War. Berl Aron Kurtz, born on the 6th of January 1907 in Banila Romania, was deported on the 25th of September 1942 to Auschwitz. He was killed there on the 30th of September. Although Kurtz does not mention his Judaism in his letters, perhaps this is also why he decided to join the international brigades in the Spanish war.

This text aims to show the difficulties of reconciling family life with the revolutionary, especially during the war. It is also interesting to note that IPE was somehow recognized by the (French) Party and by the Spanish authorities as a valid interlocutor. In addition, the sending of a letter in Esperanto without translation (and without any linguistic explanation / justification about it) by Kurtz to the headquarters may indicate some role of the language in the framework of the international brigades. We finally pay tribute to a man who fought for freedom and died of intolerance and cruelty.

Javier Alcalde

translated into English by Reddebrek


Thursday, 4 March 2021

50-a datreveno de la Hispana Revolucio - The 50th Anniversary of the Spanish Revolution by Eduardo Vivancos

 


50-a  DATREVENO  DE  LA  HISPANA  REVOLUCIO

Eduardo Vivancos

Prelego farita dum la SAT-kongreso okazinta en Sant Cugat del Valles (Barcelono) en Julio 1986.

La fonto


Estas interesa la fakto ke la 59-a kongreso de SAT okazas en Barcelono en 1986 koincide kun la 50-a datreveno de la Hispana Revolucio, ĉar estas precize en tiu ĉi urbo kie la revoluciaj eventoj de 1936 donis al la laboristoj la plej grandan esperon de kompleta emancipiĝo. Estis efektive en Barcelono kie troviĝis la kerno de la plej aŭdaca revolucia movado de tiu epoko. Kiam, la 17-an de julio, generalo Franco kaj aliaj generaloj, kun la kompliceco de la eklezia hierarkio, la hispana plutokratio kaj kun materia helpo de faŝistaj alilandaj registaroj, ribeliĝis kontraŭ la respublika reĝimo troviĝis kun la neatendita (neatendita por ili) kontraŭstaro flanke de la popolo ĉefe organizita en la laboristaj sindikatoj kaj liberecanaj organizaĵoj. La aktiva lukto inter du kontraŭaj kaj nerepacigeblaj vivkonceptoj komenciĝis.

Dum la lastaj 50 jaroj miloj da libroj aperis pritraktante kaj analizante tiujn eventojn. Multaj opinioj, ĉu favoraj, ĉu malfavoraj, estis esprimitaj, kaj preskaŭ ĉiam temis pri subjektivaj opinioj. Tre ofte la aŭtoroj interpretis tiujn eventojn laŭ tre personaj vidpunktoj kie antaŭjuĝoj estis tre evidentaj. Multaj ne komprenis nek la signifon nek la kaŭzojn de la popola reago. Por tiuj aŭtoroj temis pri civila milito, sanga, terura, tragika, cetere kiel ĉiuj militoj, ĉu civilaj aŭ ne. Sed la batalo de la hispana popolo estis pli ol milito, ĝi estis batalo por la plej profunda kaj originala socia transformiĝo de nia jarcento. Nova socio ekkonstruiĝis, maljusta socio malaperis, kaj kelkaj historiistoj komplete blindaj antaŭ la pozitivaj realigoj, ĝisnaŭze insistis pri malordo kaj perforto, ĉu supoza, ĉu reala, tre ofte troigita, sed ĉiamaniere ne pli bona aŭ pli malbona ol iu ajn perforta agado okazinta kaj okazanta ĉie en la mondo, plej ofte sankciita de registaroj, religiaj grupoj kaj senskrupulaj politikaj gvidantoj. Multaj el tiuj historiistoj ne nur montris mankon da objektiveco en la priskribo de tiuj gravaj eventoj, sed faris ĉion eblan por malnoble kaj malice senkreditigi la pozitivajn realigojn de la revoluciuloj. En 1936 mi estis 15-jarulo; la eventoj de tiu epoko multe influis, kiel al multaj tiutempaj gejunuloj, en mia posta disvolviĝo kaj sopiroj. Pasis 50 jaroj, sed mi sentas ankoraŭ la atmosferon de tiu epoko. Ja memori estas vivi denove, kaj kiam mi, kiu loĝas nun eksterlande, revidas barcelonajn stratojn Ramblas, Paralelo, Rondas, Placo de Katalunio kaj aliaj, mi ne povas eviti revidi la memorindajn tagojn inter la l7-a kaj 23-a de julio, 1936. Entuziasmo kaj eŭforio vidiĝis en la vizaĝoj de la popolo. Mi rimarkigu ke dum plena revolucia periodo, la stratoj de Barcelono estis pli sekuraj por la loĝantaro ol la stratoj de multaj usonaj kaj alilandaj urboj dum pacaj periodoj.

Antaŭ daŭrigi la priskribon de la eventoj okazintaj dum tiuj tagoj necesas serĉi la kaŭzojn kiuj gvidis al tia streĉa situacio, ĉar ĝi ne aperis spontane aŭ estis kaŭzita, kiel kelkaj pretendas, pro ĵusaj laboristaj strikoj. La aktivaj preparoj por la puĉo komenciĝis tuj post la balotoj de la l6-a de februaro kiam la partioj de la Popola Fronto konkeris la povon, kaj tre moderaj sociaj reformoj ekvidiĝis. Sed la ideo pri diktatoreco jam ekzistis en la menso kaj en la celoj de la faŝistema koalicio ekde 1931 kiam la respubliko estis proklamita. Tiu koalicio konsistis el la tri grandaj fortoj kiuj dum jarcentoj estris kaj decidis pri la vivo de ĉiuj hispanoj: la Armeo, la Eklezio kaj la Plutokratio. Ili estis la heredantoj de la absolutismaj regantoj de la mezepoko kaj ne povis toleri eĉ la plej malgrandan deviiĝon kiu povis, iom post iom, nuligi iliajn privilegiojn, la privilegiojn de la potenculoj. Tiuj fortoj kreskis kaj iĝis ĉiopovaj kiel rekta konsekvenco de la nomita kristana rekonkero de Hispanio en la XV jarcento. La rekonkero kreis fortan militistan kaston kiu kune kun la Eklezio ricevis la terojn rekonkeritaj al la maŭroj. La maŭroj, kiuj sukcese kultivis vastajn spacojn da tero, estis forpelitaj. Ni notu ke la maŭroj, same kiel la judoj, ankaŭ forpelitaj, estis hispanoj de multaj generacioj. Alia konsekvenco de la rekonkero estis ekstrema religia netoleremo kiu daŭris dum pluraj jarcentoj. La kristanaj hidalgoj kontentiĝis kun la posedo de la tero sed ne kultivis ĝin, transformante fekundajn grundojn en spacoj por la bredado de taŭroj, tiel preparante la kondiĉojn al estonta malriĉeco de la andaluziaj kampoj. De tiu situacio disvolviĝis du klasoj da personoj. Kelkaj (tre malmultaj) bienposedantoj, riĉaj aristokratoj, kaj la granda plimulto da senteraj, malsataj kamparanoj. Tio klarigas kaj pravigas la ribeleman karakteron de tiuj kamparanoj. Poste, la disvolviĝo de industrio dum la XIX jarcento kreis similan situacion inter la loĝantoj de la urboj, kun la konsekvenca apero de la proletaro kaj samtempe de la klaskonscio.

Jam antaŭ la mezo de tiu jarcento ekzistis en Hispanio "asociaciones obreras" (laboristaj asocioj) kiuj okazigis strikojn por defendi siajn rajtojn. En 1869, post la vizito de Giuseppe Fanelli, disĉiplo de Bakunin, kreiĝis la Hispana Sekcio de la Unua Internacio, kiu kun la tempo havis diversajn nomojn: Hispana Regiona FederacioPakto de Unio kaj SolidarecoLaborista Solidareco kaj, finfine en 1910 kreiĝis la Nacia Konfederacio de Laboro (CNT). En la jaro 1888 fondiĝis Ĝenerala Unuiĝo de Laboristoj (UGT) kies ĉefa gvidanto estis la socialisto Pablo Iglesias. Tiuj asocioj, kreitaj de laboristoj por defendi siajn rajtojn, estis sange persekutitaj de senskrupulaj personoj tia kia generalo Weyler kiu, sendita de la registaro al Barcelono por frakasi laboristan strikon, fanfarone anoncis: "Mi ordonis fermi hospitalojn kaj karcerojn; nur la tombejoj estos malfermitaj". Same agis, kelkajn jarojn poste, generaloj Arlegui kaj Martínez Anido, kiuj kreis terorisman atmosferon en la barcelonaj stratoj kontraŭ la aktivuloj de CNT. Notinda estas la fama ribelo en 1892, en Jerez de la Frontera, en kiu partoprenis 4000 kamparanoj armitaj de bastonoj, okupante la urbon kaj postulante agraran reformon.

Dumtempe, katastrofaj militoj, perdo de koloniojn en 1898 (Kubo, Porto-Riko, Filipinoj), kaj ekonomia ĥaoso kondukis al senkreditigo de la tiamaj politikaj institucioj. En la sekvantaj jaroj, la konstanta malkontenteco de la laboristoj, seniluziiĝo de parto de la burĝaro kaj de multaj intelektuloj, partopreno de la reĝo en la komploto kiu ebligis la diktaturon de Primo de Rivera en la jaro 1923, ĉio kontribuis al situacio en kiu la monarkio iĝis tre malpopulara. Konsekvence, en aprilo de 1931, okaze de lokaj balotadoj, respublikanaj kandidatoj triumfis kaj Respubliko estis proklamata.

En la komenco, la Respubliko vekis iom da espero, sed tiam neniel temis pri socia revolucio. La nova registaro konsistis el liberalaj intelektuloj kun ideoj milde reformemaj. Ni povas diri ke temis pri plibonigo kompare kun la antaŭrespublika epoko, sed ne sufiĉa por fini kun la ekspluatado de la laboristaro; mizeraj kondiĉoj daŭre persistis en la kamparo. Tamen, unu el pozitivaj intencoj de la novaj registaranoj estis iom limigi la influon de la Armeo kaj de la Eklezio. Laŭ la historiisto Gabriel Jackson, en la jaro 1931 estis en la hispana armeo 800 generaloj, ĉu aktivaj, ĉu en rezervo. Laŭ la bezonoj de la tiama armeo, oni bezonis nur 80 generalojn. Entute estis 26 000 oficiroj. Laŭ la projekto de la registaro la nova reformita armeo devus havi nur 7600 oficirojn. La nenecesaj oficiroj devus esti emerititaj, kun plena salajro, eĉ kun plialtigo se ili estus havinta la eblecon akiri pli altajn rangojn. Interparenteze mi diru ke la registaranoj ne estis tiom malavaraj kun la laboristoj, kiuj ricevis tre malaltajn salajrojn. La plejmulto el tiuj oficiroj, ĉefe el la plej altaj rangoj, venis el aristokrataj familioj; ilia menso estis la sama kiun havis iliaj antaŭloj, la hidalgoj de la mezepoko. Iliaj privilegioj estis netuŝeblaj kaj la plej modera reformo limigante ilian povon estis konsiderata kiel grava kaj nejusta atako al iliaj tradiciaj rajtoj. Konsekvence, krom kelkaj honorindaj esceptoj, ili estis nature malamikoj de la Respubliko kaj de ĉia socia transformiĝo.

Simila situacio okazis rilate la Eklezion. La episkopoj havis grandegan povon, ankaŭ kiel heredaĵo de la mezepoko, kaj ĝi etendiĝis ĝis la plej malgrandaj vilaĝoj. Por akiri laboron aŭ ricevi specialan favoron estis tre utila esti amiko de la pastro. Samtempe, opozicio al tiu povo povis kosti al nekonformistoj perdon de laboro, persekutoj aŭ ekzilo. En 1931 estis en Hispanio 20 000 monaĥoj, 60 000 monaĥinoj kaj pli ol 30 000 pastroj. Rilatoj inter Eklezio kaj Ŝtato estis ankoraŭ bazita en la Konkordato de la jaro 1851, laŭ kiu la katolika religio estis la sola oficiala en Hispanio. Geedziĝo devus esti nepre sakramento, neniel civila ceremonio; la instruado, ĉu publika ĉu privata, devis akordiĝi kun la eklezia doktrino. Tamen, en 1913, registaro dekretis ke religia instruado ne plu estas deviga por infanoj kies gepatroj havas alian religion, sed kiam Primo de Rivera iĝis diktatoro en 1923, li restarigis la devigan religian instruadon, kaj minacis eksigi instruistojn kiuj esprimis opiniojn ne akceptatajn de la katolika religio.

La respublika registaro volis ŝanĝi tiun situacion, kaj laŭ leĝo dekretita la 6-an de majo, 1931, la instruado en publikaj lernejoj estos laika; religia instruo okazos nur se la gepatroj tion deziras. Aliaj reformoj temis pri separo de eklezio kaj ŝtato, leĝigo de eksedziĝo kaj sekularigo de geedziĝoj. La reago al tiuj reformoj estis fulmrapida. La sekvantan tagon, la 7-an de majo, kardinalo Pedro Segura, ĉefepiskopo de Toledo, publikigis provokeman leteron kontraŭ la respublikaj reformoj. Laŭ li tiuj reformoj estis grava atenco kontraŭ la rajtoj de la hispana popolo. La letero de la kardinalo estis vera militdeklaro al la Respubliko.

La alia forto de la kontraŭrespublika bloko estis la Plutokratio, la posedantoj de la grandaj bienoj kaj industrioj, kiuj estis ĝenerale multe pli reakciemaj al sociaj ŝanĝoj ol kapitalistoj en aliaj eŭropaj landoj. Dum kelkaj homoj posedis grandegajn bienojn, nur parte kulturitajn, 2 milionoj da kamparanoj ne posedis teron kaj dependis por sin nutri de la bonvolemo de la dungantoj. En multaj vilaĝoj, ĉefe en Andaluzio, Ekstremaduro kaj Kastilio, senteraj kamparanoj koncentriĝis tre frumatene en centra loko, en kondiĉoj tre similaj al sklavomerkatoj, kaj reprezentantoj de la bienposedantoj selektis, laŭ sia plaĉo, la nombron da laboristoj bezonataj. Tiu sistemo estis ankoraŭ aplikata ĝis julio 1936. Kompreneble, la laboristoj kiuj iam montriĝis ribelemaj aŭ kiuj montris maldekstremajn tendencojn estis tre malofte selektitaj. Evidentiĝis ke agrara reformo estis nepre necesa. En 1931 kelkaj paŝoj estis faritaj en tiu direkto, sed tute ne temis pri revoluciaj ŝanĝoj de la sistemo. Laŭ la programo adoptita, la registaro akirus terpecojn de la grandaj posedantoj kiuj ne uzis ilin por terkulturo, estus dividitaj en parceloj kaj atribuitaj al kamparanoj. Tiu programo estis, tamen, ne sufiĉa kaj ĝia apliko estis tiom malrapida ke, je tiu ritmo, pluraj jarcentoj estus necesaj por ĝia kompletigo. La tre moderaj paŝoj faritaj rilate sociajn reformojn kolerigis la bienulojn kaj tute ne kontentigis la laboristojn, kiuj estis daŭre ekspluatataj kaj persekutataj same kiel antaŭ la ŝanĝo de reĝimo. Kiel dirite antaŭe, la homoj kiuj akiris la politikan povon je la proklamo de la respubliko en 1931 estis ĉefe burĝemaj intelektuloj, teoriuloj de liberalismo, milde reformemaj, sed ili ne kapablis, ne povis aŭ ne kuraĝis alfronti serioze la koalicion de la tradiciaj reakciuloj.

En la jaro 1933, kiel rezulto de balotado, dekstraj politikaj partioj reakiris la povon kaj konservis ĝin en periodo de du jaroj nomata la nigra jarduo. Dum tiu periodo la registaro nuligis ĉiujn reformojn, eĉ se ili estis tre moderaj, faritaj de la antaŭa registaro. 28 000 terkulturistoj estis senigitaj de la tero proviziita al ili de la Respubliko. Kiam ili plendis antaŭ la terposedantoj, tiuj lastaj respondis arogante: "Ĉu vi malsatas? Manĝu respublikon" (raportite de deputito en la parlamento). La laboristaj organizaĵoj estis speciale persekutitaj kaj multaj sindikatanoj, ĉefe de la CNT, estis enkarcerigitaj. Kiam, la 7-an de januaro de 1936, la parlamento estis dissolvita pro kelkaj financaj skandaloj, novaj balotoj estis anoncitaj. Tuj kreiĝis du grandaj politikaj grupiĝoj; la dekstrema reakcia koalicio kies celo estis starigi faŝismon uzante leĝajn rimedojn, kiel faris Hitler en 1933 en Germanio, kaj la Popola Fronto, kiu promesis reaktivigi la agraran reformon kaj liberigi 30 000 politikajn malliberulojn. Notinda estis la fakto ke la Eklezio aktive kampanjis kontraŭ la Popola Fronto. La episkopo de Barcelono, Manuel Irurita, publike deklaris: "Estas grava peko voĉdoni por la Popola Fronto. Voĉdono al konservativuloj estas voĉdono al Kristo". Kaj el la predikejoj multaj pastroj minacis al eterna damno tiujn kiuj ne faris ĉion eblan por certigi la venkon de la dekstruloj. La anarkista movado, kvankam ne favora al parlamenta sistemo kiel rimedo por emancipigi la laboristaron, decidis konsili al siaj membroj apogon al maldekstraj partioj. Ja multaj el la enkarcerigitoj estis membroj de la CNT. Estis tiu sinteno de la anarkistoj kiu certigis la venkon de la Popola Fronto.

Siaflanke, la reakcia koalicio ne akceptis bonkore la malvenkon, kaj tuj iniciatis la ofensivon kontraŭ la respubliko. Laŭ deklaroj faritaj, dum posta parlamenta kunsido, de la tiama registarestro, Portela Valladares, kiam la rezulto de la balotado estis konita, li ricevis viziton de la estro de dekstra politika partio CEDA, Gil Robles (je la 4-a matene) kaj iom poste de generalo Franco proponante nuligon de la balotado kaj starigon de diktatoreco kun la apogo de la armeo. Sed Portela rifuzis.

De februaro ĝis julio la situacio pli kaj pli malboniĝis. Provokoj de faŝistaj grupoj okazis ĉiutage. Antaŭvidante malvenko en la balotado, jam antaŭ ol ĝi okazis, generalo Sanjurjo, kiu devis esti la estro de la komploto, faris vojaĝon al Germanio kaj esploris detalojn pri sendo de aviadiloj kaj aliaj armiloj por la okazonta konspiracio. Sed jam multe antaŭe, la 31-an de marto de 1934, Antonio Goicoechea, monarkista politikulo, kaj generalo Emilio Barrera renkontiĝis en Italio kun Mussolini kaj mariskalo Balbo. La itala diktatoro pretis helpi al la renverso de la respubliko, kun promeso de tuja disdonado de 20 000 fusiloj, 20 000 grenadoj, 200 mitraloj kaj konsiderinda sumo da mono. Tio okazis pli ol du jaroj antaŭ la eksplodo de la milito. En Hispanio mem, dum la tuta printempo, la konspirantoj moviĝis libere kaj okupis influajn postenojn: Franco en la Kanariaj Insuloj, Goded en Balearoj, Mola - la kunordiganto de la komploto- en Pamplono. Dumtempe, la promesoj faritaj al la laboristaj organizaĵoj ege malrapide progresis, kaj tre ofte la sindikatoj devis premi por atingi eĉ la plej malgrandajn gajnojn; la agrara reformo restis sen kontentiga solvo. Ni povas resumi la situacion konsiderante tri klare specifajn elementojn: 

  1. La reakciularo, kiu pli kaj pli adoptis faŝistajn metodojn, inkluzive la uzo de uniformoj kiel tiuj de la hitleraj grupoj.

  2. La laboristaro, kiu en la sino de la du grandaj sindikatoj, CNT kaj UGT, iĝis senpaciencaj.

  3. La respublika registaro, kiu tro hezitis eĉ kiam la danĝero de la komploto estis klare videbla.

Unu semajno antaŭ la puĉo jam estis elektro en la atmosfero. Ĉie oni aŭdis ke armea ribelo estis tuj okazonta; faŝistaj provokoj kaj atencoj okazis ĉiutage, ĉefe en Madrido, sed ankaŭ en aliaj urboj. La 12-an de julio grupo da falangistoj sturmis kaj kaptis la radiodissendejon en Valencio kaj elsendis provokan proklamon. En laboristaj sindikatoj aktivuloj deĵoris konstante kaj la rilato inter sindikatoj kaj defendkomitatoj de diversaj urboj estis tre efektiva; vespere, grupoj da laboristoj varme diskutis en la ĉefaj urbaj bulvardoj pri la evidente tuj okazonta puĉo. La volo rezisti al faŝistoj estis tre firma, sed la laboristoj ne havis armilojn. La registaro, kiu havis la eblecon provizi ilin, obstine deklaris ke ĝi bone kontrolis la situacion kaj ke nenia serioza danĝero ekzistis. Kiam la 17-an de julio parto de la armeo, sub Franco, efektive ribeliĝis en Maroko, la registaro ne plu povis nei ke io nenormala okazis, kaj dissendis jenan komunikon: "La registaro asertas ke la ribelmovado limiĝas al kelkaj lokoj de Maroko, kaj neniu, absolute neniu, en la metropolo aliĝis al tiu absurda entrepreno". Kaj la registaro mensogis ĉar ĝi jam sciis tre bone pri la konstantaj kontaktoj kaj agadoj inter la armeo kaj faŝistaj grupoj. Komisionoj de CNT kaj UGT urĝe petis armilojn al la registaro; sed la tiama registarestro, Casares Quiroga, rifuzis, ĉar li bone sciis ke armita laboristaro signifis socian revolucion, kaj li, fidela al siaj burĝaj principoj, timis la revolucion eble pli ol li timis faŝismon.

La 18-an de julio CNT kaj UGT deklaris ĝeneralan strikon. Casares Quiroga demisiis kaj lin anstataŭis modera respublikano Martínez Barrios kiu, anstataŭ organizi la rezistadon, klopodis atingi kompromison kun la ribelantoj, kontaktis telefone generalon Mola kaj eĉ proponis al li postenon en la nova registaro. Dum tempo estis perdita la konspirantoj konstatis la malfortecon de la registaro kaj prenis poziciojn por la fina frapo. La hezitemo de la registaro estis fatala kaj ĝiaj konsekvencoj, tragikaj. Inter la 17-a kaj 19-a de julio ankoraŭ estis tempo armi la popolon kaj komplete fiaskigi la puĉon. Urboj strategie lokitaj, kiel Sevilla (Sevilo), Zaragoza (Zaragozo) kaj Oviedo ne estus falintaj en la manoj de la faŝistaj generaloj kaj la civila milito ne estus okazinta. Sed armita popolo signifis socian revolucion, kaj la registaro ne volis tion, tiel faciligante la taskon de la konspirantoj. 

En Barcelono estis pli ol 12 000 soldatoj en la kazernoj komanditaj de faŝistaj oficiroj kiuj atendis ordonojn okupi la urbon. Sabate la 18-an, kapitano López Varela, kontakthomo de Mola en Barcelono, ricevis telegramon kun la jena teksto: "Morgaŭ vi ricevos kvin rismojn da papero". Tiu frazo entenis la horon en kiu la soldatoj devis forlasi la kazernojn por okupi la lokojn fiksitajn de la stabo. Efektive, je la 5-a matene, preskaŭ simultane la pordoj de la barcelonaj kazernoj malfermiĝis kaj la soldatoj, sub la gvido de faŝistaj oficiroj, helpitaj de civiluloj, membroj de Falange, ekiris kun la celo okupi registarajn oficejojn kaj la ĉefajn urbajn vojkruciĝojn. Ili kalkulis pri simpla promenado ĉar malmultaj, tre malmultaj, oficiroj opoziciis ilin, dum aliaj, ankoraŭ ne deciditaj restis neŭtralaj atendante la rezultojn. Sed anstataŭ facila promenado, la ribelantoj troviĝis antaŭ granda surprizo. Nur kelkajn minutojn post la eliro de la konspirantoj, sirenoj de diversaj fabrikoj stridante sonis alvokante la laboristojn al la defendo; tuj, grupoj da homoj koncentriĝis en diversaj punktoj por halti la vojon al faŝismo, kaj barikadoj estis konstruitaj en ĉefaj vojkruciĝoj por malhelpi la antaŭiradon de la armeo. La ribelantoj atingis la centron de la urbo -Placo de Katalunio- kaj okupis kelkajn konstruaĵojn, sed neniam povis atingi la registarajn oficejojn nek kapti la radiostaciojn bone defenditajn de la laboristoj. Tiam la faŝistoj uzis la artilerion; ili estis certaj ke, kiel okazis en oktobro de 1934, je la unuaj pafoj la popolamaso fuĝus senorde. Sed la laboristoj ne nur ne fuĝis, sed atakis la kanonojn pere de kamionoj rapide direktitaj kontraŭ ili; estis la armeaj profesiaj oficiroj kiuj fuĝis, dum multaj soldatoj tute konfuzitaj kapitulaciis forlasante kanonojn, fusilojn kaj mitralojn. Jam pli bone armitaj la laboristoj iniciatis kontraŭatakon kaj unu post alia falis la rezistlokoj de la konspirantoj. Je la 5-a posttagmeze, generalo Goded, estro de la ribelo en Barcelono, kapitulaciis antaŭ la atakoj de tiuj kiuj, laŭ li, estis la kanajlaro, simplaj laboristoj kiujn li tiom malestimis. Je la unua posttagmeze de la 20-a de julio la fortikaĵo "Atarazanas" estis sturmita. Tio estis la lasta rezistkerno de la faŝistoj. Sed kiom da viktimoj! Antaŭ la muroj de Atarazanas falis unu el la plej valoraj kaj energiaj membroj de la laborista kaj anarkista movado, Francisko Ascaso. Post 33 horoj da konstanta batalo Barcelono estis komplete liberigita. Sur la barikadoj kaj multaj publikaj konstruaĵoj flirtis la ruĝnigra flago de la anarkistoj; eĉ la policanoj kiuj restis fidelaj al la Respubliko demetis la jakon, salutis perpugne kaj kriis revoluciajn sloganojn; tio ŝajnas nekredeble ĉar tiuj samaj policanoj, nur kelkajn tagojn antaŭe, obeante ordonojn de la registaro, arestis kaj persekutis strikantajn laboristojn. Sed nun la atmosfero estis nepriskribebla. Eŭforio kaj kontenteco brilis en la okuloj de miloj da homoj. Estis la senco ke nova periodo komenciĝis. La kataluna registaro, kiu siamaniere ankaŭ opoziciis la ribelantojn -kvankam du tagojn antaŭe obstine rifuzis doni armilojn al laboristoj- estis nur simbola organismo, ĉar la veraj organizantoj de la aktiva rezistado kaj de la venko en Barcelono estis la laboristoj en la sino de siaj sindikatoj; ĉiuj decidoj, ĉiuj iniciativoj venis de la revoluciaj komitatoj kies ĉefaj gvidantoj estis Durruti, Oliver, Santillán kaj aliaj sindikatistoj. Fakte anarkosindikatistoj kontrolis la tutan urbon, kaj la vojo al socia revolucio estis larĝe malfermata, almenaŭ en Barcelono.

Tuj post la malvenko de la konspirantoj, la laboristaj organizaĵoj organizis ĉiujn aspektojn de la vivo. La ŝtato praktike ne ekzistis; la registaro havis nur simbolan povon. En tiu preciza momento ne estis forto kiu povus halti en Katalunio la starigon de Liberecana Komunismo kaj la aplikon de la principoj ellaboritaj dum la kongreso de CNT en Zaragoza en majo 1936. Haste organizita plena kunsido de liberecanaj organizaĵoj okazinta en Barcelono vespere la 20-an de julio ekzamenis kaj diskutis la revolucian situacion kaj pritraktis la eblajn tujajn paŝojn. Du tendencoj aperis: ĉu celi la tuton ("ir a por el todo"), ĉu kunlabore kun burĝaj kontraŭfaŝistaj politikaj partioj koncentri ĉiujn fortojn ĝis komplete venki la ribelan armeon, kaj nur poste starigi la revolucian programon. Decido pri kunlaborado estis adoptita konsiderante ke la faŝistoj kontrolis preskaŭ duonon de la lando, ke ili posedis profesian armeon kaj ke en aliaj regionoj kie la armeo estis venkita la influo de la liberecana movado ne estis tiom granda kiom en Katalunio. Politika kunlaborado estis konsiderata necesa, sed ankaŭ ĝi estis la unua paŝo kiu bremsis la revolucian spiriton. Ĉiamaniere la sinteno de la anarko-sindikatistoj kaj de maldekstremaj socialistoj estis ke milito kaj revolucio estis nesepareblaj, dum aliaj politikaj grupiĝoj, uzante nebulajn argumentojn, insistis ke nur la milito gravis kaj ke nur poste la popolo decidos ĉu ĝi deziras revolucion, kvankam estis evidente ke tiuj politikuloj faris ĉion eblan por nuligi la jam akiritajn revoluciajn realigojn kaj ke ili estis decidintaj ke vera revolucio neniam okazos.

Sed, aparte de tiuj konsideroj, danke al iniciativo de urbaj laboristoj kaj de kamparanoj, kreiĝis industriaj kaj agraraj kolektivigoj. En Barcelono, tute speciale, estis tre sukcesaj socialigoj de pluraj industrioj: metalurgistoj, lignaĵistoj, bakistoj, ktp. Tiuj kolektivigoj tre bone sukcesis kaj estis la plej pozitivaj aspektoj de la Hispana Revolucio, aspektoj kiuj estis intence ignorataj de la plej multo da verkistoj kiuj traktis pri la eventoj de la jaroj 1936-39. En Aragonio 75 procento de la tero estis kolektivigita. Pli ol 3 000 kolektivigoj ekzistis en la tuta lando, donante laboron al 8 milionoj da homoj. La agrara produkto plialtiĝis je 46 procento, kaj sub la iniciativo de la laboristoj kreiĝis Instituto pri Agraraj Esploroj kun la partopreno de diverslandaj agronomaj inĝenieroj. Aliaj pozitivaj aspektoj menciindaj rilatas pedagogion. Kolektivigoj, sindikatoj, laboristaj organizaĵoj kaj kulturaj ateneoj kreis lernejojn bazitajn en la principoj de fama pedagogo Francisco Ferrer, fondinto de la Moderna Lernejo, mortigita en 1909 sub la instigo de la eklezia hierarkio, kiu ne pardonis al li liajn raciajn instrumetodojn. En pluraj urboj de respublika Hispanio kreiĝis "Institutos Obreros", liceoj por laboristoj, kiuj ebligis al ili akiri pli altan studnivelon, ĝis tiam nur haveblan al tiuj kiuj havis monon. En la batalfronto mem, Kulturaj Milicianoj instruis legi kaj skribi al analfabetoj, ĉefe personoj el kampara deveno kiuj ne havis okazon ĉeesti lernejon kiam ili estis infanoj. Tiu pozitiva laboro en la kamparaj kaj industriaj kolektivigoj kaj en la kampo de la kulturo montris ĝis kioma grado la tiama laborista movado estis kapabla transformi arkaikan socion en pli moderna kaj progresiva. La revolucia eksperimento de 1936 ne fiaskis; ĝi estis perforte detruita de faŝistemaj armeoj kaj de internacia reakciularo, kaj ankaŭ sabotita de senskrupulaj politikuloj el ĉiuj tendencoj. Sed, eĉ perforte detruita kaj malnoble kalumniata de ĝiaj malamikoj, ĝi restas kaj restos kiel ekzemplo kaj pruvo ke progresiva kaj justa socio povas ekzisti sen interveno de ŝtato kaj de kapitalismo.

Antaŭ la fino de tiu ĉi parolado mi deziras mencii pri Esperanta vivo en Hispanio dum la Revolucio. En la tiel nomita "nacionalisma" flanko, la esperanto-movado praktike ĉesis ekzisti ĉar esperantistoj estis suspektataj je maldekstremaj ideoj. En Kordobo, okupita de la faŝistoj ekde la komenco de la ribelo, la falangistoj mortpafis la membrojn de la Esperanto-Grupo. (Raportita en la libro "La Danĝera Lingvo - Esperanto en la uragano de persekutoj" de Ulrich Lins; paĝo 20, kaj en "Esperanto en perspektivo" de Ivo Lapenna). La tuta movado estis suspektata, almenaŭ ĝis la jaro 1947, kiam laŭleĝe fondiĝis HEF. Sed ankoraŭ en 1949, Universitato de Laguna malpermesis Esperanto-kurson, ligante al la lingvo nebulajn ideojn pri politika maldekstrismo. Pro similaj kaŭzoj, en la jaro 1946, en Tarrasa, oni rifuzis permeson por publika kurso. (Vidu la revuon "Esperanto", februaro 1968; paĝo 15).

En la respublika flanko, Esperanto movado floris kaj la lingvo estis uzata por informado internacia. Unu el la kaŭzoj de la entuziasmo por Esperanto estis la revolucio mem. La hispana junularo, kaj ne nur la junularo, ĉefe en liberecanaj medioj, estis konvinkita ke ni troviĝis ĉe la sojlo de nova mondo, pli justa, pli racia, pli humana, kaj ke en tiu mondo Esperanto havis logikan kaj preferindan lokon. Okazis multaj kursoj, ne nur en urboj kaj vilaĝoj sed ankaŭ en la tranĉeoj; kelkaj alilandaj voluntuloj kiuj venis al Hispanio por partopreni la kontraŭfaŝistan batalon estis esperantistoj, kaj en multaj batalionoj ekzistis Esperanto-Rondoj. Mi menciu la Esperanto-parolantan grupeton de la 3-a bataliono de la 121 brigado, 26-a divizio (eksa kolono Durruti), al kiu mi apartenis dum la lasta jaro de la milito. Tiu grupeto konsistis el ĉirkaŭ 6 samideanoj inter kiuj troviĝis la batalionestro, Ginés Martínez, elstara esperantisto kaj membro de SAT. Ni ĉiam interrilatis esperantlingve.

Kiam mi menciis pri la faŝistemo de la profesiaj armeaj oficiroj, mi diris ke estis kelkaj tre honorindaj esceptoj. Unu el la plej konitaj estis kolonelo Julio Mangada, lojala respublikano, elstara poeto kaj prezidanto de HEF. Mangada, kiu ekde la 19-a de julio aktive partoprenis en la defendo de Madrido, mortis ekzilita en Meksikio en la jaro 1946. Ĝis la fino de sia vivo li restis fidela esperantisto kaj kontraŭfaŝisto, kunlaboris kun aliaj ekzilitoj kaj publikigis artikolojn en la organo de CNT en Meksikio, "Solidaridad Obrera".

Inter 1936 kaj 1939, multaj publikaĵoj aperis en la internacia lingvo. Inter la plej konataj laboristaj Esperanto-gazetoj mi menciu: "Popola Fronto", en Valencio; "Proleta Voĉo" en Barcelono, kaj "Informa Bulteno de CNT-FAI", ankaŭ en Barcelono, kun la kunlaborado de membroj de ILES (Ibera Ligo de Esperantistoj Senŝtataj). Estas notinda la fakto ke laboristaj kolektivigoj, kiel ekzemple la lakto-industrio, uzis Esperanton por anonci siajn produktojn.

Esperanto kaj Hispana Revolucio, du ŝajne malsamaj aferoj, sed kiuj por multaj junuloj de la jaro 1936 havis tre proksimajn rilatojn, ĉar ambaŭ celis la atingon de pli racia kaj humana socio.

 

NOTO: Eduardo Vivancos, longjara aktivulo de la proleta liberecana movado, estis redaktisto de "Senŝtatano", informilo de la "Junul-Anarkista Internacio" dum la 40-aj jaroj.




The 50th Anniversary of the Spanish Civil War 

Lecture given at the World Anti-national Association (SAT) congress held in Sant Cuget del Valles in Barcelona in July 1986.

It is an interesting fact that the 59 congress of SAT is taking place in Barcelona in 1986 coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the Spanish revolution, because it is precisely in this city that the revolutionary events of 1936 gave the workers the greatest hopes of complete emancipation. It was in Barcelona where the seed of the most audacious revolutionary movement of those times was found. When on the 17th of July when General Franco with other military officers and the ecclesiastical hierarchy and the Spanish plutocrats with support from foreign Fascist governments launched a rebellion against the republican government found themselves on the unexpected (unexpected for them) side against the majority of the people who were mainly organised in labour unions and democratic associations. The active struggle between two opposing and irreconcilable conceptions of life had begun.

Over the last 50 years thousands of books about those days have been written tracing and analysing these events, representing every opinion, some favourable others not were expressed, and were almost always subject to subjective opinions. Very often it is obvious that many authors interpreted these events according to their own views and preconceptions. Many do not understand either the significance nor the causes of the popular reaction. For these authors the features of civil war, blood, terror, tragedy, are the same as in all wars civil or not. But the battle of the Spanish people was more than just a war, it was a fight for the most profound and original social transformation of our century. A new society had just started to be constructed, the unjust society was disappearing, and some historians completely blind to the positive achievements, insisted on disgust and disorder, whether supposed or real, very often exaggerated, but in no way better or worse than any violent activity that took place or was taking place all over the world, most often sanctioned by governments, religious orders and unscrupulous political leaders. Many of these historians not only have demonstrated a lack of objectivity in their descriptions of these important events, but did everything possible to ignobly and maliciously discredit the positive achievements of the revolutionaries. In 1936 I was fifteen years old; the events of that time influenced me greatly, like many other young people at the time, in my future developments and longings. 50 years have passed, but I still feel the atmosphere of that epoch. Truly remembering is to live again, and even though I now live abroad when I see again the streets of Barcelona, the Ramblas, the Parallel, Ronda, Placa Catalunya and others, I cannot avoid seeing those memorable days again, between the 17th and 23rd of July, 1936. Enthusiasm and euphoria was seen on the faces of the people. I noticed that during the revolutionary period the streets were safer for the inhabitants than the streets of cities in the US and other countries during peace time.

Before I continue describing the events that happened during those days it is necessary to sketch out the causes which led to that stressful situation. Because it did not happen spontaneously or without cause, as some claim, due to recent labour strikes. The preparations for the putsch began almost immediately after the ballots on the 16th of February when the political parties of the Popular Front formed a government and very moderate social reforms began to be seen. But the concept of a dictatorship already existed in the minds and goals of the Fascist coalition that had been established in 1931when the Republic was proclaimed. That coalition was built out of three major forces, that throughout the century have utilised and controlled the life of every Spanish person:  the Army, the Ecclesiastic authorities and the Plutocracy. They were the inheritors of the absolutist regime of the Middle ages, and could not tolerate even the slightest challenge which could potentially, little by little nullify their privileges, the privilege of the ruling powers. These forces grew and became omnipotent as a direct consequence of the so-called Christian Reconquest of Spain in the 15th Century. The Reconquest created a military caste that along with the Church divided up the lands taken from the Moors. The Moors who had cultivated vast tracts of land were expelled. We should note that the Moors just like the Jews who were also expelled were Spanish and had roots in Spain dating back many generations. Another consequence of the Reconquest was great religious intolerance which has continued for several centuries. The Christian nobility were contented with the possession of the land, but would not cultivate it. Instead preferring to transform fertile fields into grazing for bulls, in the process preparing the conditions for the poverty of the Andalusian fields. From this situation developed two classes of people. A few (the extreme minority) landowners, rich aristocrats, and the vast majority made up of the landless, hungry peasants. That explains and justifies the rebellious spirit of those peasants. Later the development of industry in the 19th Century created a similar situation between the inhabitants of the city which was responsible for the appearance of the proletariat and at the same time consciousnesses of class.

Even before the middle of the 19th century there already existed "asociaciones obreras" (workers associations) that organised strikes to defend their rights. In 1869, after the visit of Giuseppe Fannelli a follower of Bakunin the Spanish section of the First International was founded, this movement would continue under several different names due to the situation at the time, the Spanish Regional Federation, Pact of Unity and Solidarity, Workers Solidarity and finally by 1910 the National Confederation of Labour (CNT) was founded. Also in 1888 the General Union of Workers (UGT) was founded by the Socialist party leader Pablo Iglesias. These associations, created by workers to defend their rights, were soon persecuted bloodily by unscrupulous characters, and General Weyler, sent by the Barcelona government to crush a labour strike boasted "I have ordered the hospitals and prisons closed; only the cemeteries shall be open!" . Similar acts occurred a few years later under Generals Arelgui and Martinez Anido, they created an atmosphere of terror in the Barcelonan streets targeting the activists of the CNT. Worth mentioning is the famous rebellion of 1892 in the city of Jerez del Frontera, where 4,000 peasants armed with clubs occupied the city and demanded agrarian reform.

Also during these years the disastrous wars, the loss of the colonies (Cuba, Peurto Rico, the Phillippines), and economic chaos broke the creditability of the established political institutions. In the following years the constant discontent amongst the workers, the disappointment of a fraction of the bourgeoisie and many intellectuals, the participation of the King in the conspiracy that allowed the formation of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in 1923, everything contributed to the collapse in the popularity of the Monarchy. As a consequence, in the elections of April 1931 Republican candidates triumphed, and a Republic was quickly proclaimed. 

In the beginning the Republic aroused a little hope, but there was no question of a social revolution. The new government was made up of liberals whose idea were strictly about mild reform. We can concede that this represented an improvement when compared to the pre-republican period, but not nearly enough to end the exploitation of the bosses; miserable conditions continued to persist in the fields. Although one of the positive intentions of the new government was to limit the influence of the army and Church. According to the historian Gabriel Jackson, in the year 1931 the Spanish army had 800 Generals, both in active service and in the reserves. According to the needs of the army, they could make do with  as few as 80 Generals. In total there were 26,000 officers. The new government proposed a new reformed army which would have just 7,600 officers. The unnecessary officers would have to be retired with full salaries, even with an increase if they had achieved high rank. Briefly I should mention that the government was not so generous with the workers who had to make do with small salaries. The majority of these officers, especially the ones of high rank came from aristocratic families; their thoughts were the same as those of their ancestors, the Hidalgos of the Middle Ages. Their privileges were untouchable and the most moderate of reforms that could potentially limit their power was considered a serious and unjust attack on their traditional rights. Consequently, with a few honourable exceptions, they were natural enemies of the Republic and every kind of societal transformation.

It was a similar relationship in regards to the Church. The Bishops had a lot of power, also inherited from the Middle ages, and its reach extended to the remotest and smallest villages. To get a job or a special favour it was very useful to be a friend of the priest. On the other hand opposition to this power could cost the nonconformist his job, face persecution or even force him into exile. In 1931 there were 20,000 monks in Spain, and 60,000 nuns and more than 30,000 priests. Relationships between Church and State were still based on the Concordance of 1851, according to this agreement Catholicism was the only official religion of Spain. Marriage must be absolutely a religious ceremony, with no civil marriage permitted. And schools whether public or private must be in agreement with Church doctrine. However in 1913 the government decreed that religious (Catholic) instruction was no longer to be enforced on the children of parents who belonged to other religions, but Primo de Rivera reversed this concession when he became dictator in 1923. And suppressed teachings that were unacceptable to Catholic doctrine.

The Republican government wanted to change this situation, and by legal decree on the 6th of May 1931 declared public school teaching would be secular, with religious teaching only given if parents specifically requested it. There were some further reforms to advance the separation of Church and State, such as legislation allowing divorce, and secular marriages. The reaction to these reforms was lightning fast. The following day 7th of May, Cardinal Pedro Segura the Archbishop of Toledo published a provocative letter against the republican reforms. According to him these reforms were a vicious attack on the rights of Spanish people. The Cardinal's letter was in reality a declaration of war on the Republic.

The other major force in the anti-republican block was the Plutocracy, the possessors of the massive estates and industries. They were generally more reactionary and hostile to social change than the capitalists in other countries. While a few owned most of the largest farms there were over 2 million landless peasants whom depended for their survival on the good will of the employers. In many villages, especially in Andalusia, Extremadura and Castile, many landless peasants gathered in one place, in a manner very close to the old slave markets and would present themselves to the landowners for purchasing, who would hire as many or as few workers as he pleased. This system was still in existence until July 1936. Understandably the labourers who showed their rebellious spirits or left-wing sympathies were rarely chosen. It was evident that agrarian reform was absolutely necessary. In 1931 a few steps were made in that direction, but still there was no attempt to suggest revolutionary changes in the system. According to the adopted program the government would buy plots of land from the big landowners if they were not using them for cultivation, these would then be divided up into plots and given to peasants. That program however was not enough and its application was so slow that under this scheme it would take several centuries to complete. These very mild steps toward social reform angered the landowners and failed to satisfy the workers, who continued to be exploited and persecuted in the same manner as before the change of regime. As I said previously, the people who had achieved political power and established a Republic in 1931 were mainly bourgeois intellectuals, liberals theorists, mild reformers, but they were not capable or brave enough to seriously challenge the coalition of traditional reaction.

In the 1933 elections right wing parties returned to power and began a two year long period that became known as the Black Years. During this period the government nullified every reform, regardless of how limited that was passed by the previous government. 28,000 farmers were evicted from the land given to them by the Republic. When they appealed to the landowners the latter arrogantly replied "Are you hungry? Than eat the Republic!" (reported by a parliamentary deputy). The labour unions were also targeted, with many Union activists especially members of the CNT imprisoned. On the 7th of January 1936 the government was forced to dissolve after multiple financial scandals, and new elections were called. This immediately spurred on two vast political coalitions, on one side was the reactionary coalition which wished to establish Fascism by legal methods, like Hitler did in Germany in 1933, and the Popular Front, which promised to restart the land reforms and free 30,000 prisoners. We should note that the Church actively campaigned against the Popular Front. The Bishop of Barcelona, Manuel Irurita publicly declared: "It is a great sin to vote for the Popular Front. Voting for the conservatives is a vote for Christ". And from many pulpits the priests threatened eternal damnation to anyone who would not do everything in their power to ensure a victory for the right wing candidates. The Anarchist movement, although sceptical with the parliamentary system as a way to emancipate the working class advise its members to support the left wing parties. Indeed the majority of the imprisoned where members of the CNT. It was this attitude of the Anarchists that guaranteed the victory of the Popular Front.

On the other hand the coalition of reaction refused to accept their defeat, and immediately incited offenses against the Republic. According to statements made during a subsequent parliamentary session by the then head of government, Portela Valladares, when the result of the election was known, he received a visit from the head of right-wing political party CEDA, Gil Robles (at 4 am) and a little later by general Franco proposing cancellation of the voting and establishment of a dictatorship with the support of the army. But Portela refused.

From February until July the situation continued to worsen. Fascist groups caused provocations daily. Having foreseen the electoral defeat before it happened General Sanjurjo who was the main mover of the plotted coup, travelled to Germany and appealed for airplanes and other military aide for the conspiracy being organised. But even before that journey the monarchist politician Antonio Goicoecha and General Barrea had met with Mussolini and Marshal Balbo as early as March 1934. The Italian dictator was ready to help overthrow the Republic and promised to provide immediately help including 20,000 rifles, 20,000 grenades 200 machine guns and a considerable sum of money. This was agreement was made two years before the explosion of the war. In Spain itself, during the whole of Spring the conspirators moved about freely and many occupied important positions: Franco in the Canary Islands, Goded in the Balearics, Mola - the coordinator of the plot- in Pamplona. During this time the promises made to the workers organisations made slow progress. And often the Unions had to push for even the slightest gains; the land reform question remained without a satisfactory answer. We can summarise the situation by considering three clearly specific elements.

  1. The forces of reaction, which adopted more and more explicitly Fascist methods, including the use of uniforms similar to those of Hitler's forces.
  2. The working class, which organised within the two great Union federations, CNT and UGT, were losing patience.
  3. The Republican government, which was far too hesitant, even when the danger of the conspiracy was clearly visible.
One week before the putsch the atmosphere was already electric. Everywhere one heard that the Army Rebellion was just about to break out. Fascist provocations and attacks happened every day, especially in Madrid, but also in other cities. On the 12th of July a group of Falangists stormed and captured the radio station in Valencia and broadcast a threatening proclamation. Meanwhile activists in the unions were in constant alert, and relations between the unions and defence groups in many different cities grew more effective. In the evenings groups of workers gathered along the central boulevards of the major cities and discussed hotly the news of the evidently near Fascist putsch. The desire to resist fascism was very strong, but the workers lacked weapons. The government which could have provided arms stubbornly refused, insisting that it had the situation well in hand and that no serious danger existed. When most of the army stationed in Morocco under Franco effectively rebelled the government could no longer pretend that nothing abnormal was happening and sent out the following communication: "The Government is certain that the rebel movement is limited to a few areas of Morocco and that no one, absolutely no one in the Metropole is part of this absurd enterprise". The government lied, because it already knew about the constant contacts and activities between the army and fascist groups. Commissions from both the CNT and UGT urgently requested arms from the government, but the Prime Minister Casares Quiroga refused, because he know that an armed working class would mean social revolution, and he, loyal to his bourgeois principles feared the possibility of social revolution more than he feared a fascism. 

On the 18th of July the CNT and UGT declared a general strike. Casas Quiroga was dismissed, replacing him was moderate republican Martínez Barrios, who instead of organising resistance he tried to compromise with the rebels, and even contacted General Mola by telephone and offered him a position in the government. During this lost time the conspirators exposed the weakness of the government and made preparations for the final strike. The hesitance of the government was fatal and its consequences were tragic. Between the 17th and 19th of July there was still time to arm the people and completely frustrate the fascist putsch. Strategic cities like Seville, Zaragoza and Oviedo would not have falling into the hands of the fascists and the Spanish Civil War wouldn't have started. But an armed population meant social revolution, and the government did not want this, this fact made the work of the conspirators much easier.

In Barcelona there were more than 12,000 soldiers in the barracks under the command of fascist officers who were waiting for the order to occupy the city. On Saturday the 18th, Captain López Varela the contact man for Mola in Barcelona, received a telegram with the following message "Tomorrow you will receive five reams of paper". This sentence signalled the hour that the soldiers were to leave the barracks to occupy the places chosen by the staff. In effect at 5 in the morning the doors of the barracks opened almost simultaneously and the soldiers under the orders of fascist officers and supported by civilian members of the Falange set out to occupy government offices and the main crossroads of the city. They expected a simple march because few, very few officers opposed them and others who were undecided chose to wait and accept the result.  But instead of an easy march the rebels found a great surprise before them. A few minutes after the conspirators had begun leaving the barracks the sirens on the factories sounded, the sirens summoned the workers to the defence; immediately groups of people gathered at several points to resist the fascists, barricades were constructed on the main crossroads to hinder the advance of the army. The rebels reached the centre of the city -Placa de Catalunya- and occupied some buildings, but they could not capture the government offices nor the capture the radio stations, both defended well by workers. Then the Fascists used artillery, they were certain that like  what happened in 1934 the population would flee in disorder at the first shots. But the workers not only didn't flee but attacked the cannons with trucks. It was the professional officers who fled, while the confused soldiers surrendered, leaving behind cannons, rifles and machine guns. Now better armed the  workers began counter attacking and one by one the strongholds of the conspiracy fell. By five in the afternoon General Goded, leader of the rebellion in Barcelona surrendered before the attacks of those who according to him were the Rabble, simple workers who he despised. By One o'clock in the afternoon of the 20th of July the fortress "Atarazanas" was stormed. That was the last fascist holdout. But so many victims! Francisko Ascaso one of the most valuable and energetic members of the Anarchist and labour movements fell before its walls. After 33 hours of constant fighting Barcelona was completely liberated. The barricades and many public barricades flew the red and black flag of the anarchists; even the police who remained loyal to the Republic took of their jackets, saluted with their fists and shouted revolutionary slogans; this was completely unbelievable as it was those same police officers who just days before had been obediently carrying out the orders of the government, and had been arresting and persecuting striking workers. But now the atmosphere was indescribable. Euphoria and contentment shined in the eyes of thousands of people. There was a sense that a new period had begun. The government of Catalunya which in its own way opposed the rebellion - though two days before had obstinately refused to give guns to the workers- was only a symbolic organism, because the real organisations of active resistance and the victory in Barcelona was the workers in the unions; all decisions, all initiatives came from the revolutionary committees whose leading figures were Durruti, Oliver, Santillan and other syndicalists. In fact the anarchosyndicalists controlled the whole city and the way to social revolution was opened wide, at least in Barcelona. 

Immediately after the defeat of the conspiracy the workers organisations began re-organising all aspects of life. The state practically didn't exist, it only possessed symbolic power. In that exact moment there was no power in Catalunya that could halt the establishment of Libertarian Communism and the application of the program passed in the CNT congress at Zaragoza in May 1936. A hastily organised meeting of Libertarian organisations met in the evening of the 20th to discuss and analyse the situation and sketched the possible immediate steps. Two tendencies emerged, either to aim for the whole (go for everything) or to cooperate with the bourgeois anti-fascist parties and concentre all forces until the fascist rebellion was completely defeated and only later begin the implementation of the revolutionary program. The decision to co-operate was adopted on account of the fascists controlling nearly half of the country, they had a professional army, and that in other areas where the army had been defeated the Libertarian movement wasn't as strong as it was in Catalunya. Political collaboration was considered necessary, but it was also the first brake put on the revolutionary spirit. Anyway the views of the anarchosyndicalists and the left wing socialists was that the war and the revolution were inseparable, meanwhile other political groups used nebulous arguments to insisted that only the war mattered, and that later the population could decide if it wanted a revolution. However it was evident that these politicians did everything possible to nullify the current revolutionary reality, and that they were dedicated to making sure that no real revolution would ever happen. 

But thanks to the initiative of the urban workers and peasantry, industrial and agricultural collectives were established. In Barcelona especially, many industries were successfully socialised, metallurgists, carpenters, bakeries etc. These Collectives were a great success and were the most positive aspects of the Spanish Revolution. Aspects that were mostly ignored by the majority of authors who wrote about the events of the years 1936-39. In Aragon 75% of the land was collectivised. More than 3,000 collectives were established throughout the country, giving work to over 8 million people. Agricultural production increased by 46% and due to the initiative of the workers the Institute for Agricultural Exploration was founded with the collaboration of many agronomic engineers from many countries. Another aspect worth mentioning relates to pedagogy. Collectives, unions, workers associations and cultural athenaeums created a education system based in the principles of the famous pedagogue Francisco Ferrer, the founder of the Modern School who was killed in 1909 by the instigation of the church hierarchy, who could not tolerate his rational teaching methods. In many cities in Republican Spain "Workers Institutes" were created, high schools for workers which made it possible for them to gain a higher level of education, which before was only available to the wealthy. At the battlefront itself Cultural Militia groups taught reading and writing of the alphabet, mostly to members from rural villages who did not get an opportunity to go to school when they were children.  This positive work in the rural and industrial collectives and in the field of culture showed to what degree a strong labour movement is capable of transforming an archaic society into a more modern and progressive manner. The revolutionary experiment of 1936 did not fail, it was forcible destroyed by fascist armies and international reaction, and sabotaged by underhanded politicians from every tendency. But even with the forcible destruction and ignoble calumny of its enemies, it remains and shall remain an example and proof that a progressive and just society can exist without the intervention of state and capitalism.

Before the end of the speech I wish to mention Esperanto Life in Spain during the revolution. In the part of Spain controlled by the "Nationalists" the Esperanto movement practically ceased to exist, because Esperantists were suspected of left wing ideology. In Cordoba which was occupied by the fascists since the beginning of the rebellion the Falangists executed the Esperanto group by firing squad. (Reported in the book "Dangerous Language - Esperanto in the hurricane of persecution" by Ulrich Lins; page 20 and in "Esperanto in perspective" de Ivo Lapenna). The whole movement was suspected, at least until 1947 when the Spanish Esperanto Federation was legally founded. But even in 1949 the university of Laguna shutdown an Esperanto course, because the language was still associated nebulously with left wing political ideas. For similar reasons in 1946 in Tarrasa permission for public courses were denied. (See the magazine "Esperanto", February 1968; page 15) .

In the Republican areas the Esperanto movement flourished and the language was used for international information. One of the reasons for the enthusiasm for Esperanto was the revolution itself. The Spanish youth, and not only the youth, especially in libertarian circles, were convinced that we were on the threshold of a new world, fairer, more rational, more humane, and that in that world Esperanto had a logical and preferable place. There were many teaching courses, not only in the cities and villages, but also in the trenches, some of the foreign volunteers who came to Spain to fight against fascism were Esperantists and Esperanto Circles existed in many battalions. I must mention the small Esperanto group within the 3rd Battalion of the 121st Brigade, 26th Division (Durruti Colomun), which I belonged to during the last year of the war. This group was around six members, among them was the Battalion Commander Ginés Martínez, an outstanding Esperantist and member of SAT. We always conversed in Esperanto. 

When I spoke about the fascist sympathies of the professional officers I mentioned that there were a few honourable exceptions. One of the most well known was Colonel Julio Mangada, a loyal Republican, outstanding poet, and president of the Spanish Esperanto Federation. Mangada who from the beginning of 19th July actively participated in the defence of Madrid, died in exile in Mexico in 1946. Until the end of his life he remained a faithful Esperantist and anti-fascist, collaborator with other exiles and published articles in the CNT's newspaper in Mexico "Solidaridad Obrera".

Between 1936 and 1939, many publications appeared in the international language. Amongst the most well known workers Esperanto newspapers I must mention: "Popola Fronto", en Valencia "Proleta Voĉo" en Barcelona, and "Informa Bulteno of the CNT/FAI",  also in Barcelona with the assistance of the ILES (Iberian League of Esperanto speaking Anti-statists). It is also worth noting that workers collectives such as the dairy industry used Esperanto to announce their products.

Esperanto and the Spanish Revolution, two seemingly different things, but for a lot of young people in 1936 had a very close relationship, because both aimed at building a more rational and humane society.

Note: Eduardo Vivancos, a long time activist for the proletarian libertarian movement, was editor of "Senŝtatano"[Anti-Statist], the newspaper of the "Young Anarchist International" during the 1940s.

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