La Angla Traduko
Thiery: Hello everyone, especially the
viewers of EsKu, our now very popular channel about Esperanto culture.
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What
is the subject of today's talk Pascal? Your previous two talks, videos
35 and 37 sketched out the development of the Neutral* part of the
movement between the First and Second World Wars. I believe you will now
go on to explain the development of the Workers Esperanto movement in
the same period as you hinted you would at the end of video 37.
Pascal:
Greetings dear viewers of EsKu. You are right about today's subject
Thierry. The interwar period between 1920 and 1940 was a time rich with
experiences and changes for both flanks of the Esperanto movement. Allow
me to summarize the main parts again, as I'm not capabale of giving the
most specific details of the complex history of our langauge. Regarding
this period the Workers Movement, and remember that in video 33 I
mostly talked about the founding of the SAT, Sennacieca Asocia Tutmonda
(World Anti-National Association), in the summer of 1921, and I talked
about its most important founder Eugene Adam more well known as Lanti.
It goes without saying that the SAT quickly prioritised adopting
Esperanto practically over propaganda work. For example, it created a
correspondence service to establish connections with workers
organisations across the world, a press service to spread awareness of
social affairs and labour unions, and founded a publishing co-operative
which published several important works, including those of Tolstoy and
Kropotkin. It also organised its own congresses and many study sessions.
Thierry: So, that was certainly important work by SAT, it would seem that its efforts created a chance for Esperanto to establish itself in the workers circles, right?
Pascal: Well, effectively thanks to SAT both the significance and usefulness of Esperanto began to be acknowledged more and more, even by those outside of the Esperanto movement. Our language was being used by Associations that were not officially linked to the Esperanto movement, as an example the International Workers Olympiad, the War Resisters International, the International of Socialist Struggle**, International Workers Association, International Anti-militarism Office etc. The list of associations of that sort that understood the use of Esperanto is quite long.
A resolution in favour of Esperanto was proposed in 1925 at
the British Trade Union Congress. At the same time the International
Federation of Transport Workers regularly promoted our language in a
dedicated column in its own federal publication. And imagine this!
According to a decision by the Spanish Metalist Federation congress in
1925, only Esperanto speakers were allowed to become candidates for its
Central Committee.
Thierry: You just mentioned the British congress and the Spanish Federation, that gives me an urge to ask this, did the activity of SAT have an impact on an international scale?
Pascal: I will answer yes by citing this fact; after 1920 thousands of workers started learning Esperanto, this enabled them to correspond with their fellow workers in foreign countries, and to read bulletins and magazines published by several Workers Esperanto Associations (known as WEAs). We know that some of these WEAs existed since the beginning of the 20th century, even before the first Universal Congress of 1905 at Bulogne-Sur-Mer, but there number grew after the First World War. For example a Swedish Esperanto Association was created in 1921, an Austrian Esperanto League and the Polish Workers Esperanto Society "Labour" in 1922. Some these groups although they were independent of SAT collaborated with it. Meanwhile, the SAT continued to grow; its annual Yearbook which contained the contact information of its members listed 2,715 members in 1925 and 6,524 in 1929, and a lot of them were located in Russia.
Additionally, you should know that until 1925 it was forbidden for SAT members to join a "Neutral" Esperanto association. This ban was later applied less severely.
Thierry: Regarding the membership numbers of SAT in 1929 you alluded to Russia, I shall profit from this occasion to begin learning more about that nation. Because I have for a long time wanted to ask you about the unique situation of the workers movement in the Soviet Union. During the period we're discussing both the February and October revolutions of 1917 occurred there afterall.
Pascal: That's completley correct Thierry. After the October revolution the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was founded, which became the Soviet Union in 1922. In June 1921 during the All-Russian Congress of Esperanto speakers the Soviet Esperantist Union (SEU) was formed. In 1927 it changed its name to the Soviet Republican Esperantist Union. The SEU became, in addition to the SAT another important centre for the Esperanto Workers movement. Ernest Drezen presided over the SEU from its founding until his death in 1937***.
We should remember these two leaders of the Esperanto Workers Movement, Lanti with the SAT and Drezen of the SEU. Why? Because both are important but were not always aligned. While the SAT aimed to unite every left wing association, the SEU maintained allegiance to pure orthodox Marxism. During the third Congress of the SAT in Kassel (in Germany) Drezen proposed that SAT join the Third International, also called the Comintern, though that name does not appear in our dictionaries. The proposal was defeated and both organisations wisely decided to stop criticising each other.
However in 1924-25 there was a crisis within SAT because Anarchist members were alarmed at the influence of the Communist International within SAT and were frustrated at not being able to write in SAT's press criticisms of Communism and the Soviet Union. So they created their own organisation in 1924, TLES Tutmonda Ligon de Esperantistaj Ŝenstatanoj the World League of anti-State Esperantists. They also published from 1925 until 1931 an irregular newspaper La Libera Laboristo, the Free Worker. But TLES never had a major influence, and eventually most Anarchists rejoined the SAT.
Thierry: Did the crisis with the Anarchists and the rapproachment with the SEU affect the influence of SAT at that time?
Pascal: I would say that those events were an opportunity for SAT. This is proved by its 6th Congress in 1926 which was held in Leningrad. It was the first large Esperanto gathering in the Soviet Union, and even more successful as it brought together 400 participants from 14 countries. The number of SAT members grew immensely after the Leningrad Congress, I have already spoken about the 6,524 members in 1929. In that year during the SAT Congress in Leipzeig Germany 650 Esperantists participated from 22 nations. The significance of SAT was acknowledged by the Esperanto movement and even outside of it.
For the movement itself, having an organisation that holds sucessful congresses every year, and publishes a large qauntity of diverse and important works was an essential asset.
Thierry: Regarding the publishing work of SAT, I would like to know more. Could you explain its scope and importance?
Pascal:
In 1922 a publishing co-operative was opened which would become
absorbed into a department of SAT and run by the SAT board. Its aim was
to promote literary works and improve the publication of Esperanto
literature, whether translations or original works. At the beginning of
the video I mentioned the works of Tolstoy Khodynka in 1929,
Christianity and Patriotism in 1931, from Kropotkin Ethics in 1926, I
will also mention Lenin's State and Revolution in 1926 and Goethe's
Faust in 1923. Regarding original works I must mention Eugen Lanti's
"Cast Down Neutralism!" in 1922, the Workers Esperantism in 1928 and the
Words of Comrade E.Lanti 1931 and Letters of Eugene Lanti in 1940. I
also should not overlook Norbert Bartelmes, Eugene Michalski, Paul
Neergard etc.
But without a doubt the most important publication of the SAT press in this time was the Complete Dictionary of Esperanto, first published in 1930. Written mostly by Emile Grosjean-Maupin with the assistance of Albert Esselin, Saloman Grenkamp-Kornfeld and Gaston Waringhien. It immediately became and remained an important reference dictionary until 1970 when the PIV the Illustrated Dictionary appeared as its follower and replacement. About Complete Dictionary of Esperanto, a Mr. Kopar wrote in 1931, in the magazine Literatura Mondo. (Incidentally, Kopar was the pseudonym of the well-known poet and outstanding translator Kálmán Kalocsay.) Here is the quote: "Carefully made, comprehensive and detailed, a truly valuable work".
Thierry:
Did SAT publish only works and this important dictionary? That's what
I'm asking, because since the birth of our language, many magazines have
been published quickly. Did SAT also provide periodicals to its members
and to the entire Esperanto community?
Pascal: You're question is very interesting Thierry. It gives me an excuse to talk about the two main SAT periodicals published during the interwar years. The first was the monthly Sennacieca Magazine, an historical, sceintific, teaching, literary magazine which has been published since 1921 and was edited by Eugene Lanti. Between 1928 and 1933 it changed its title to the New Era, but afterwards returned to its original title. The second was Sennaciulo the official organ of SAT which was more political and socially active and it was published weekly from 1924 until 1931, when it was published fortnightly until 1933 when it became a monthly paper. It also had a montly supplement called "The Pupil".
Thierry:
Thank you for your clarifications and explanations about the SAT
publications Pascal. Has the theme of the Esperanto Workers movement
between the World Wars been exhausted? Or will you dedicate a second
video to this topic as you did with the contemporeanous Neutralist
movement?
Pascal: You've predicted the future very well Thierry. There is indeed a lot more to say about the Esperanto Workers movement before the Second World War. I will dedicate video 41 to the same topic. So until then.
Thierry: Thank you Pascal, in that case we will wait for the sequel. And if you dear viewers have subscribed to our channel then you will be alerted to the publication of our next video. But if not, why hesitate over a free subscription? Don't wait to add your name to our followers. Thank you for your attention. Goodbye!
Pascal: Goodbye everyone!
La intermilita periodo, inter 1920 kaj 1940, estis ja riĉa je eventoj kaj ŝanĝoj por la laborista movado per la fondo de SAT, Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, la eldono de multnombraj libroj, inkluzive de la Plena Vortaro de Esperanto, kaj revuoj kiel Sennacieca Revuo.
(Ne forgesu, ke ĉiuj EsKu-aj filmetoj havas subtitolojn. Ne hezitu uzi ilin)
Saluton al vi ĉiuj, spektantoj de EsKu, nia nun tre bone konata kanalo pri Esperanto-Kulturo.
Se unuafoje vi malkovras ĉi tiun filmserion, sciu ke vi povas aboni la kanalon, dank’ al la butono «abono».
Tion farinte, vi ne maltrafos niajn venontajn filmetojn.
*The Neutral movement is the name for what is the more mainstream and "official" part of the Esperanto movement. Despite the name it often takes positions that would be considered extremely radical (anti-militarism, cultural tolerance and language and minority rights, open borders, etc) compared to normal society. Its Neutral in the sense that its believes Esperanto should be open to everyone. The second competing current in Esperanto is the Laborista or Workers Esperanto movement.
** This is a reference to the German ISK, the
International Sozialisticher Kampfbund which was an split from the
German Social Democratic Party, the ISK produced some material in
Esperanto as well as in English and over languages.
***
He was a victim of the purges of the Communist party carried out by
Stalin. He was "rehabilitated" in 1957 and even bizarrely given back his
membership of the Communist party in 1989 despite being dead for many
decades.
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